MGMT Test Ch. 11 & 12

What name is given to a description of how leaders develop "unique" working relationships with each of their employees, based on the nature of their social exchanges? a. Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory b. Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Scale c. Relationship-oriented behaviors d. Employee-centered leaders

a. Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

In expectancy theory, if a person believes that extra effort will lead to high performance, such as a bonus or commission, we are talking about the person's a. expectancy. b. preference. c. instrumentality. d. valence.

a. expectancy.

Which of the following characteristics relates to a servant leader? a. leader who leads by example and forms strong relationships with employees b. A person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need, based on a formal contractual relationship between an organization and the individual c. A person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others d. A leader who is passionate about company objectives, models corporate values in the workplace, and forms strong relationships with stakeholders

a. leader who leads by example and forms strong relationships with employees

Which of the following characteristics relates to motivational factors? a. Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security b. Those aspects of a job that relate to the content of the work, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility, and advancement c. A pattern offering reinforcement after a specified number of desired performance behaviors, regardless of the time elapsed between them d. A set of theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform

b. Those aspects of a job that relate to the content of the work, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility, and advancement

What are maintenance factors? a. The sum total of employees' attitudes toward their jobs, employer, and colleagues b. Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security c. Those aspects of a job that relate to the content of the work, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility, and advancement d. Patterns of reinforcement at specified periods of time, regardless of behavior

b. Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security

What term describes a style that goes beyond mere exchange relationships by inspiring employees to look beyond their own self-interests and by generating awareness and acceptance of the group's purposes and mission? a. Situational leadership theory b. Transformational leadership c. Transactional leadership d. Authentic leader

b. Transformational leadership

Although regulations and laws sharply limit a leader's ability to use coercive power, it is a fair assessment that a. it is being rapidly replaced by use of rewards. b. it is still too commonly used in business settings. c. it represents the fastest way to get the job done. d. most CEOs prefer it to other forms of power.

b. it is still too commonly used in business settings.

What name is given to the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically? a. Consideration behavior b. Affiliative power c. Emotional intelligence d. Leadership neutralizers

c. Emotional intelligence

Which of the following refers to a working arrangement whereby two employees do one job? a. Maintenance factor b. Compressed work week c. Job sharing d. Flextime

c. Job sharing

The person primarily associated with the Hawthorne studies was a. Elton Mayo. b. B.F. Skinner. c. Abraham Maslow. d. Douglas McGregor.

a. Elton Mayo.

Subordinate resistance to the use of power is most likely when which of the following sources of power is used? a. Reward b. Coercive c. Legitimate d. Referent

b. Coercive

Which of the following characteristics relates to a compressed work week? a. A pattern of reinforcement at specified periods of time, regardless of behavior b. A work schedule that allows employees to choose their staffing and ending times as long as they are at work during a specified time period c. A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 hours. d. A working arrangement whereby two employees do one job

c. A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 hours.

Which of the following characteristics relates to positive reinforcement? a. A person's expectation that performing a task will lead to a desired outcome b. The act of strengthening a desired behavior by allowing individuals to avoid negative consequences by performing the behavior c. The act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes d. The act of weakening or eliminating an undesired behavior by providing negative consequences

c. The act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes

Which of the following characteristics relates to a compressed work week? a. A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 hours b. A working arrangement whereby two employees do one job c. A work schedule that allows employees to choose their staffing and ending times as long as they are at work during a specified time period d. A pattern of reinforcement at specified periods of time, regardless of behavior

a. A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 hours

What is meant by expectancy? a. A person's expectation that effort will lead to high performance b. The sum total of employees' attitudes toward their jobs, employer, and colleagues c. An inner drive that directs behavior toward goals. d. A person's expectation that performing a task will lead to a desired outcome

a. A person's expectation that effort will lead to high performance

What name is given to the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically? a. Emotional intelligence b. Affiliative power c. Consideration behavior d. Leadership neutralizers

a. Emotional intelligence

What term describes the process of providing employees with the ability to contribute input and take on responsibilities for organizational decisions? a. Empowerment b. Leadership c. Affiliative power d. Referent power

a. Empowerment

What name is given to a person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need, based on an interpersonal relationship between individuals or on his or her personal characteristics? a. Personal power b. Coercive power c. Organizational power d. Reward power

a. Personal power

What name is given to a process theory that assumes that behavior may be reinforced by relating it to its consequences? a. Reinforcement theory b. Expectancy theory c. Equity theory d. Social learning theory

a. Reinforcement theory

Which of the following characteristics relates to motivational factors? a. Those aspects of a job that relate to the content of the work, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility, and advancement b. A pattern offering reinforcement after a specified number of desired performance behaviors, regardless of the time elapsed between them c. Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security d. A set of theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform

a. Those aspects of a job that relate to the content of the work, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility, and advancement

It is interesting that in certain industries, such as the hotel industry, service personnel a. actually dislike increased empowerment. b. are motivated almost purely by money. c. are just about impossible to motivate. d. appreciate increased empowerment because of the corresponding increased accountability.

a. actually dislike increased empowerment.

What is meant by behavior modification? a. A pattern of reinforcement at specified periods of time, regardless of behavior b. An application of reinforcement theory, which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself c. The act of strengthening a desired behavior by allowing individuals to avoid negative consequences by performing the behavior d. The act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes

b. An application of reinforcement theory, which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself

What term describes the process of providing employees with the ability to contribute input and take on responsibilities for organizational decisions? a. Leadership b. Empowerment c. Referent power d. Affiliative power

b. Empowerment

What term describes power or influence derived from a person's special knowledge or expertise in a particular area? a. Reward power b. Expert power c. Personal power d. Referent power

b. Expert power

What name is given to the order in which people strive to satisfy the five basic needs as theorized by Maslow—physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization? a. Fixed-interval schedule b. Hierarchy of needs c. Variable-interval schedule d. Fixed-ratio schedule

b. Hierarchy of needs

Which of the following characteristics relates to reward power? a. A person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others b. Organizational power that stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards c. Personal power that results when one person identifies with and admires another d. Power or influence derived from a person's special knowledge or expertise in a particular area

b. Organizational power that stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards

When financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan reward employees with bonuses and other financial incentives for making risky decisions, they may find that their attempts to motivate employees a. can lead to unrealistically low performance quotas. b. may sometimes have negative effects on the organization. c. may lead employees to be more productive than before. d. can lead to competition among employees for bonuses

b. may sometimes have negative effects on the organization.

With regard to leadership and management, most American companies today appear to be a. well managed, with strong leadership. b. under-led and over-managed. c. over-led and under-managed. d. dying for lack of strong leadership.

b. under-led and over-managed.

In applying reinforcement theory, one of the problems in punishing unacceptable behavior is that punishment may produce a. management that forgets to be positive. b. undesirable long-term side effects. c. a violation of the firm's ethics policy. d. a person who is an organizational martyr.

b. undesirable long-term side effects.

What is flextime? a. A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 b. A working arrangement whereby two employees do one job c. A work schedule that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times as long as they are at work during a specified time period d. A pattern whereby the period of reinforcement varies between one reinforcement and the next

c. A work schedule that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times as long as they are at work during a specified time period

Which of the following refers to an organizationally based source of power derived from a leader's control over punishments or the capacity to deny rewards? a. Affiliative power b. Legitimate power c. Coercive power d. Referent power

c. Coercive power

What is meant by charisma? a. A person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others b. The process of providing employees with the ability to contribute input and take on responsibilities for organizational decisions c. The ability to inspire admiration, respect, loyalty, and a desire to emulate, based on some intangible set of personality traits; a personal source of power d. Personal power that results when one person identifies with and admires another

c. The ability to inspire admiration, respect, loyalty, and a desire to emulate, based on some intangible set of personality traits; a personal source of power

What is meant by legitimate power? a. A person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need, based on a formal contractual relationship between an organization and the individual b. Power or influence derived from a person's special knowledge or expertise in a particular area c. The influence that comes from a person's formal position in an organization and the authority that accompanies that position d. Organizational power that stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards.

c. The influence that comes from a person's formal position in an organization and the authority that accompanies that position

There is increasing evidence that transformational leaders a. are essentially born and not made, since transformational leadership cannot be learned. b. are a dying breed in the ultraconservative world of modern American business. c. exist at all levels in organizational hierarchies and in a broad range of organizations. d. are not found in any significant numbers in the military, government, or education.

c. exist at all levels in organizational hierarchies and in a broad range of organizations.

The birth of the human relations approach to motivation can be traced to a. Maslow's hierarchy. b. Herzberg's factors. c. the Hawthorne studies. d. scientific management.

c. the Hawthorne studies.

In applying reinforcement theory, one of the problems in punishing unacceptable behavior is that punishment may produce a. a violation of the firm's ethics policy. b. management that forgets to be positive. c. undesirable long-term side effects. d. a person who is an organizational martyr.

c. undesirable long-term side effects.

What term describes the suggestion that successful leadership requires matching leaders with primarily stable leadership styles to the demands of the situation? a. Situational leadership theory b. Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory c. Transformational leadership d. Contingency theory

d. Contingency theory

What term describes a theory stating that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange? a. Expectancy theory b. Goal-setting theory c. Reinforcement theory d. Equity theory

d. Equity theory

What name is given to the theory that states that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it? a. Process theories b. Reinforcement theory c. Equity theory d. Expectancy theory

d. Expectancy theory

Which of the following refers to a person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others? a. Expert power b. Charisma c. Leadership d. Power

d. Power

Which of the following refers to a set of theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform? a. Social learning theories b. Goal-setting theories c. Content theories d. Process theories

d. Process theories

What is the theory that states that employees learn not only through direct experience but also through observation and personal qualities? a. Reinforcement theory b. Process theory c. Equity theory d. Social learning theory

d. Social learning theory

Motivational theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs, and then seek to identify what those needs are, are called a. process theories. b. expectancy theories. c. reinforcement theories. d. content theories.

d. content theories.

When extra effort is required from employees and managers have no control over rewards and punishments and close supervision is not practical a. referent power becomes supremely important. b. the organization must give the manager more power. c. assistant managers must be hired to provide supervision. d. personal sources of power are essential.

d. personal sources of power are essential.