MGT 4000 Exam 2

Is personality driven by nature or by nurture?

Both: Nature:study of identical twin, genes Nurture: Surrounding, Experiences

Operant Conditioning

We learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it.

What are the methods by which employees learn in organizations?

We learn through reinforcement, observation, and experience.

variable-interval schedule

are designed to reinforce behavior at more random points in time

What decision-making problems can prevent employees from translating their learning into accurate decisions?

are less able to translate their learning into accurate decisions when they struggle with limited info, faulty perceptions, faulty attributions, and escalation of commitment

fixed-ratio schedule

reinforce behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited

Conscientiousness

dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, and persevering IS the biggest influence on job performance

Worlds Most Admired Companies

Apple, Berkshire Hathaway, Toyota, Google, Johnson & Johnson, Proctor & Gamble, FedEx, Southwest Airlines, General Electric, Microsoft, Walmart, Coca cola, Walt Disney, Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, Mcdonalds, IBM, 3M,Target, JP Morgan Chase

Mark Kaiser

7ears in prison for committing Ahold fraud worth $800 million. Kaiser reportedly orchestrated a fraud that would overstate earnings by $800 million over the years 2000 to 2003 by falsifying supplier rebate reports - all of which left the fraud participants with more significant bonuses.

The Track Record

Composed of Competence, character, and Benevolence

Voice

Concerns giving employees a chance to express their opinions and views during the course of decision making

Big 5 Personality Traits

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience

schedules of reinforcement

Continuous and intermittent

What dimensions can be used to describe the fairness of an authority's decision making

Distributive Justice Rules, Procedural Justice Rules, Interpersonal Justice Rules, Informational Justice Rules

What types of knowledge can employees gain as they learn and build expertise?

Explicit Knowledge and Tacit Knowledge

intermittent reinforcement:

Fixed Interval Schedule, Variable Interval Schedules, Fixed ratio schedules, variable ratio schedules.

What is learning; and how does it affect decision making?

Learning reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience.

What is the four-component model of ethical decision making?

Moral awareness, Moral Judgement, Moral Intent, Ethical Behavior

What is personality? What are cultural values?

Personality refers to the structures and propensities inside a person that explain his or her characterstic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior

2 contingencies used to increase desired behaviors

Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement(Perform a task to not get yelled at)

Which two should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning?

Positive reinforcement and extinction.

What two methods can employees use to make decisions?

Programmed and Unprogrammed decisions.

Two contingencies used to decrease undesired behaviors:

Punishment (Suspension, firing) and Extinction (stop laughing at off-colored jokes)

Programmed Decisions

Somewhat automatic, person's knowledge allows him or her to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken

Distributive Justice

The perceived fairness of decision- making outcomes

Procedural Justice

The perceived fairness of decision- making processes. Rules: Voice, Correctability, and Consistency bias suppression representativeness and accuracy.

Character

The perception that the authority adheres to a set of values and principles that the trustor finds acceptable (Walk the talk)

Competence

The skills, abilities, and areas of expertise that enable an authority to be successful in some specific area. (Doctor, Lawyer)

Trust

The willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions. (willingness to take a risk)

Cognition-based trust

Trust is rooted in a rational assessment of the authority's trustworthiness

Disposition- based trust

Your personality traits include a general propensity to trust others. Has less to do with authority and more to do with trustor

Trust Propensity

a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon. Levels are high in US especially in relation to countries inEurope and South America.

Risk

actually becoming vulnerable

Clear Purpose Tests

ask applicants about their attitudes toward dishonesty, beliefs about the frequency of dishonesty, endorsements of common rationalizations for dishonesty, desire to punish dishonesty, and confessions of past dishonesty

veiled purpose tests

assess more general personality traits that are associated with dishonest acts

openness to experience

curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, sophisticated

Satisficing

decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered

3 sources trust can be rooted in:

disposition-based trust, cognitive-based trust, affect- based trust

Intuition

emotionally charged judgements that arise through quick nonconscious, and holistic associations

Consequences for unethical behavior:

every unethical choice has consequences that are unavoidable and certain.

Everyone engages in faking during personality tests

exaggerating your responses to a personality test in a socially desirable fashion.

Integrity Tests

focus specifically on a predisposition to engage in theft and other counterproductive behaviors

intermittent reinforcement

happens when reinforcement does not follow each instance of desired behavior

Affect-based trust

it depends on feelings toward the authority that go beyond any rational assessment

Neuroticism

nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, and jealous

nonprogrammed decisions

new, novel, complex decisions having no proven answers

Correctability

provides employees with a chance to request an appeal when a procedure seems to have worked ineffectively

Ethics

reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms.

Justice

reflects the perceived fairness of an authority's decision making

variable-ratio schedule

reward people after a varying number of exhibited behaviors

Consistency, bias suppression, representativeness, and accuracy

rules help ensure that procedures are neutral and objective, as opposed to biased and discriminatory.

Cultural values

shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture

Heuristics

simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily

Extraversion

talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, dominant

Benevolence

the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives (mentor- protege)

Trustworthiness

the characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust

Ahold

the holding company of Foodservice, claims that the fraud at Foodservice is mostly to blame for its own overstatement of earnings by more than $1 billion in 2003. As a result, Ahold stock value dropped by 60 percent and nearly bankrupted the company. According to reports, Ahold is in the midst of selling the subsidiary as a result of the scandal.

Explicit Knowledge

the kind of information you're likely to think about when you picture someone sitting down at a desk to learn

bounded rationality

the notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision

Continuous reinforcement

the simplest schedule and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior

Selective Perception

the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations

Agreeableness

warm, kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, and courteous

Tacit Knowledge

what employees can typically learn only through experience (up to 90% of knowledge contained in organizations occurs in this form)

fixed-interval schedule

where workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same.

Are personality tests useful tools for organizational hiring?

yes