MGT 4000 Exam 2
Is personality driven by nature or by nurture?
Both: Nature:study of identical twin, genes Nurture: Surrounding, Experiences
Operant Conditioning
We learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it.
What are the methods by which employees learn in organizations?
We learn through reinforcement, observation, and experience.
variable-interval schedule
are designed to reinforce behavior at more random points in time
What decision-making problems can prevent employees from translating their learning into accurate decisions?
are less able to translate their learning into accurate decisions when they struggle with limited info, faulty perceptions, faulty attributions, and escalation of commitment
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforce behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited
Conscientiousness
dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, and persevering IS the biggest influence on job performance
Worlds Most Admired Companies
Apple, Berkshire Hathaway, Toyota, Google, Johnson & Johnson, Proctor & Gamble, FedEx, Southwest Airlines, General Electric, Microsoft, Walmart, Coca cola, Walt Disney, Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, Mcdonalds, IBM, 3M,Target, JP Morgan Chase
Mark Kaiser
7ears in prison for committing Ahold fraud worth $800 million. Kaiser reportedly orchestrated a fraud that would overstate earnings by $800 million over the years 2000 to 2003 by falsifying supplier rebate reports - all of which left the fraud participants with more significant bonuses.
The Track Record
Composed of Competence, character, and Benevolence
Voice
Concerns giving employees a chance to express their opinions and views during the course of decision making
Big 5 Personality Traits
Conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience
schedules of reinforcement
Continuous and intermittent
What dimensions can be used to describe the fairness of an authority's decision making
Distributive Justice Rules, Procedural Justice Rules, Interpersonal Justice Rules, Informational Justice Rules
What types of knowledge can employees gain as they learn and build expertise?
Explicit Knowledge and Tacit Knowledge
intermittent reinforcement:
Fixed Interval Schedule, Variable Interval Schedules, Fixed ratio schedules, variable ratio schedules.
What is learning; and how does it affect decision making?
Learning reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience.
What is the four-component model of ethical decision making?
Moral awareness, Moral Judgement, Moral Intent, Ethical Behavior
What is personality? What are cultural values?
Personality refers to the structures and propensities inside a person that explain his or her characterstic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior
2 contingencies used to increase desired behaviors
Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement(Perform a task to not get yelled at)
Which two should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning?
Positive reinforcement and extinction.
What two methods can employees use to make decisions?
Programmed and Unprogrammed decisions.
Two contingencies used to decrease undesired behaviors:
Punishment (Suspension, firing) and Extinction (stop laughing at off-colored jokes)
Programmed Decisions
Somewhat automatic, person's knowledge allows him or her to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken
Distributive Justice
The perceived fairness of decision- making outcomes
Procedural Justice
The perceived fairness of decision- making processes. Rules: Voice, Correctability, and Consistency bias suppression representativeness and accuracy.
Character
The perception that the authority adheres to a set of values and principles that the trustor finds acceptable (Walk the talk)
Competence
The skills, abilities, and areas of expertise that enable an authority to be successful in some specific area. (Doctor, Lawyer)
Trust
The willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions. (willingness to take a risk)
Cognition-based trust
Trust is rooted in a rational assessment of the authority's trustworthiness
Disposition- based trust
Your personality traits include a general propensity to trust others. Has less to do with authority and more to do with trustor
Trust Propensity
a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon. Levels are high in US especially in relation to countries inEurope and South America.
Risk
actually becoming vulnerable
Clear Purpose Tests
ask applicants about their attitudes toward dishonesty, beliefs about the frequency of dishonesty, endorsements of common rationalizations for dishonesty, desire to punish dishonesty, and confessions of past dishonesty
veiled purpose tests
assess more general personality traits that are associated with dishonest acts
openness to experience
curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, sophisticated
Satisficing
decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered
3 sources trust can be rooted in:
disposition-based trust, cognitive-based trust, affect- based trust
Intuition
emotionally charged judgements that arise through quick nonconscious, and holistic associations
Consequences for unethical behavior:
every unethical choice has consequences that are unavoidable and certain.
Everyone engages in faking during personality tests
exaggerating your responses to a personality test in a socially desirable fashion.
Integrity Tests
focus specifically on a predisposition to engage in theft and other counterproductive behaviors
intermittent reinforcement
happens when reinforcement does not follow each instance of desired behavior
Affect-based trust
it depends on feelings toward the authority that go beyond any rational assessment
Neuroticism
nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, and jealous
nonprogrammed decisions
new, novel, complex decisions having no proven answers
Correctability
provides employees with a chance to request an appeal when a procedure seems to have worked ineffectively
Ethics
reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms.
Justice
reflects the perceived fairness of an authority's decision making
variable-ratio schedule
reward people after a varying number of exhibited behaviors
Consistency, bias suppression, representativeness, and accuracy
rules help ensure that procedures are neutral and objective, as opposed to biased and discriminatory.
Cultural values
shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture
Heuristics
simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily
Extraversion
talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, dominant
Benevolence
the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives (mentor- protege)
Trustworthiness
the characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust
Ahold
the holding company of Foodservice, claims that the fraud at Foodservice is mostly to blame for its own overstatement of earnings by more than $1 billion in 2003. As a result, Ahold stock value dropped by 60 percent and nearly bankrupted the company. According to reports, Ahold is in the midst of selling the subsidiary as a result of the scandal.
Explicit Knowledge
the kind of information you're likely to think about when you picture someone sitting down at a desk to learn
bounded rationality
the notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision
Continuous reinforcement
the simplest schedule and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior
Selective Perception
the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations
Agreeableness
warm, kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, and courteous
Tacit Knowledge
what employees can typically learn only through experience (up to 90% of knowledge contained in organizations occurs in this form)
fixed-interval schedule
where workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same.
Are personality tests useful tools for organizational hiring?
yes