MGT 501 Weeks 4-6 (FINAL)
Describe characteristics of openness
curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, sophisticated
Describe organic organizations
flexible, adaptive, outward-focused organizations that thrive in dynamic environments
Chapter 14 video: define situational leadership
focuses on the characteristics of followers as the most important element of the situation, and consequently, of determining effective leader behavior
What is organizational structure?
formally dictates how jobs and tasks are divided and coordinated between individuals and groups within the company
Chapter 12 video: Define process gain in terms of team processes
getting more from the team that you would expect according to the capabilities of its individual members
Chapter 11 video: What is the nature of the task interdependence for the avengers movie clip?
goal interdependence, outcome interdependence, task (each individual serves a purpose, each have individual powers to defeat Ultron but must work together)
Describe characteristics of neuroticism
nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous, unstable
What is negative affectivity? What big 5 type prioritizes this?
neuroticism a dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance. That tendency to experience negative moods explains why neurotic employees often experience lower levels of job satisfaction than their less neurotic counterparts
What is differential exposure? What big 5 personality type is related to it?
neuroticism is associated with a differential exposure to stressors, meaning that neurotic people are more likely to appraise day-to-day situations as stressful (and therefore feel like they are exposed to stressors more frequently).
What are cultural values?
shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture Adjectives such as "traditional," "informal," "risk averse," or "assertive" are all examples of values that can be used to summarize a nation's culture.
What is the most common type of organizational form?
simple structure, which is used by most small companies.
Chapter 12 video: Define process loss in terms of team processes
when you get less from the team than what you would expect based on the capabilities of its individual members
What are the three types of employee ability
1) physical 2) Cognitive 3) Emotional
Chapter 13 video: What are the most effective ways to use power to influence people (4)?
1) rational persuasion (reason) 2) Consultation (share ideas) 3) Inspirational appeals (talk about how helpful it will be) 4) Collaboration (collaborate with others to agree on course of action)
Chapter 13 video: Define leadership
"A person who INFLUENCES others to get things done" "The use of POWER and INFLUENCE to direct the activities of follower toward goal achievement" Power: the ABILITY to influence the behavior of others and resist unwanted influence in return Influence: The USE of an actual behavior that causes behavioral or attitudinal change in others
Describe the (ASA) The ASA framework
(ASA) The ASA framework holds that potential employees will be attracted to organizations whose cultures match their own personality, meaning that some potential job applicants won't apply due to a perceived lack of fit.
VIDEO: How does extraversion correlate with the Big 5 personality types?
+ w/ motivation + w/ trust
VIDEO: How does agreeableness correlate with the Big 5 personality types?
+ w/ trust No consistent relationship with job satisfaction, stress, and motivation This may change from job-to-job (bill collector vs. Zappos)
VIDEO: How does neuroticism correlate with the Big 5 personality types?
- w/ job satisfaction, - w/ stress, - w/ motivation, - w/ trust
Chapter 14 video: What is the Hawthorne Effect?
-People behave differently when they know they are being observed -People like to be noticed
Describe the characteristics of a management team:
-Similar to work teams in that they are relatively permanent -Participate in managerial-level tasks that affect the entire organization (coordinating activities of organizational subunits to help the organization achieve its long term goals) -Members of management teams are typically heads of departments, so their commitment to the management team is offset somewhat by the responsibility they have in leading their unit.
Describe the characteristics of a parallel team:
-composed of members from various jobs who provide recommendations to managers about important issues that run "parallel" to the organization's production process. -part-time commitment from members, and can be permanent or temporary depending on their aim
Describe the characteristics of a action team:
-perform tasks that are normally limited in duration. However, those tasks are quiet complex and take place in contexts that are either highly visible to an audience or of a highly challenging nature -some types of action teams work together for a extended period of time (sports teams remain intact for at least one season) -action teams that stay together only for the task may be surgical teams and aircraft flight crews
Describe the characteristics of a work team:
-relatively permanent -produce goods or provide services, and they generally require a full-time commitment from their members. -Focus on the accomplishment of core operational-level production and service tasks
Describe the characteristics of a project team:
-take on "one-time" tasks that are generally complex and require a lot of input from members with different types of training and expertise -exist only as long as it takes to finish a project -Members of some project teams work full-time, whereas other teams demand only a part-time commitment
What are the types of team states?
1) Cohesion 2) Potency 3) Mental Models 4) Transactive memory
What are the three types of taskwork processes that are crucially important in the context of teams, especially those that engage in knowledge work?
1) Creative Behavior 2) Decision Making 3) Boundary Spanning
What are the 3 factors that account for a team's ability to make accurate and effective decisions?
1) Decision informity 2) Staff validity 3) Hierarchical sensitivity
VIDEO: for the Meyers Briggs (MBTI) people can be defined in terms of "preferences" related to what 4 things:
1) Energy 2) Perceiving 3) Judgment 4) Attitudes
Chapter 11 video: Describe the following as they are related to teams (process from group to team): forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
1) Forming: (Members orient themselves to understand their boundaries in the team. Get a feel of what is expected of them, behaviors, and who is in charge) 2) Storming: (Members remain committed to ideas they bring with them to the team) 3) Norming: (fulfill what your role will be and make decisions about what that and the team will look like) 4) Performing: (members are comfortable working within their roles, and the team makes progress toward goals)
VIDEO: What are the 4 Keirsey types?
1) Idealist 2) Artisan 3) Rational 4) Guardian
VIDEO: for individual differences, what are the three domains of traits?
1) personality 2) values 3) ability
What are values in the Hofstede's dimensions of cultural values?
1) Individualism-collectivism (loose knit versus tight social framework) 2) Power distance (Low-power be distributed uniformly) (High-power distributed unequally) 3) Uncertainty avoidance (tolerating uncertain situations versus not) 4)masculinity (values stereotypical male traits like assertiveness)-femininity (values stereotypical female traits such as caring for others)
What two dimensions capture most of the day-to-day leadership behaviors in which leaders engage? describe both
1) Initiating structure (reflects the extent to which the leader defines and structures the roles of employees in pursuit of goal attainment.) 2) consideration (reflects the extent to which leaders create job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for employee ideas, and consideration of employee feelings.)
What are responses to influence tactics?
1) Internalization (when the target of influence agrees with and becomes committed to the influence request) 2) Compliance (when targets of influence are willing to do what the leader asks, but they do it with a degree of ambivalence) 3) resistance (when the target refuses to perform the influence request and puts for an effort to avoid having to do it)
Chapter 13 video: What are the 5 sources of power?
1) Legitimate (general, king, manager)(org power) 2) Reward (if you do this I can reward you in some way)(org power) 3) Coercive (if you don't do this I can punish you)(org power) 4) Expert (authority figure, have special knowledge) (personal power) 5) Referent (people admire you and want to do things because of who you are) (personal power)
What are the three types of organizational power?
1) Legitimate power 2) Reward power 3) Coercive power
What are the two generic types of organizational structure?
1) Mechanistic organizations 2) Organic organizations
Chapter 13 video: What are the 4 components of the functions of management (what is expected of managers to do)?
1) Planning (deciding on the big plan) 2) Organizing (Arranging people and the work) 3) Leading (influencing people to get things done) 4) Controlling (ensuring we are doing what we want)
Chapter 13 video: What are the least effective ways to use power to influence people (2)?
1) Pressure 2) Coalition force people they may not really want to do
Team composition refers to characteristics of the members who work in the team. The characteristics include....(5)
1) Roles 2) Ability 3) Personality 4) Member diversity 5) Number of team members
What are the different common organizational forms?
1) Simple structure 2) Bureaucratic structures -Functional structures (sales, media, production etc) -Multi-divisional structures (product, geographic, and client-based) 4) Matrix structures
What are the various types of physical ability?
1) Strength (degree to which the body is capable of exerting force) (static strength, explosive strength, dynamic strength) 2) Stamina (ability of a person's lungs and circulatory system to work efficiently while he or she is engaging in prolonged physical activity) 3) Flexibility and coordination 4) Psychomotor abilities (the capacity to manipulate and control objects) 5) Sensory abilities (capabilities associated with vision and hearing)
What are the three general types of team interdependence?
1) Task 2) Goal 3) Outcome
What are the 3 reasons why brainstorming doesn't work as well as individual idea generation?
1) There may be a tendency for people to social loaf in brainstorming sessions. (Members may not work as hard thinking up ideas as they would if they had to turn in an individually generated list with their name on it.) 2) Though the rules of brainstorming explicitly forbid criticizing others' ideas, members may be hesitant to express ideas that seem silly or not well thought-out. 3) Brainstorming results in production blocking because members have to wait their turn to express their ideas. This waiting around consumes time that could otherwise be used by individuals to generate new ideas.
What are the various types of cognitive ability?
1) Verbal ability (capabilities associated with understanding and expressing oral and written communication) (oral comprehension, written comprehension, oral expression, and written expression) 2) Quantitative ability (mathematical capabilities) (Facility-capability to do simple math operations) (mathematical reasoning-ability to choose and apple formulas to solve problems that include numbers) 3) Reasoning ability (diverse set of abilities associated with sensing and solving problems using insight, rules, and logic) (problem sensitivity, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, originality) 4) Spatial ability (capabilities associated with visual and mental representation and manipulation of objects in space) 5) Perceptual ability (being able to perceive, understand, and recall patterns of info) (speed and flexibility of closure-picking out a pattern of info quickly in the presence of distraction info) 6) General cognitive ability
What are the 5 elements of organizational structure?
1) Work specialization (how clearly defined are the jobs?) 2) Chain of command (Who reports to who?) 3) Span of control (how many people report to one leader?) 4) centralization (where are decisions made? Headquarters?) 5) Formalization (How defined/tight do we need to be? Very formal there are a lot of procedures)
What are the 5 general team types?
1) Work teams 2) Management teams 3)Parallel Teams 4) Project Teams 5) Action teams
CH 9: Individual characteristics focuses on what 2 things?
1) ability 2) Personality & cultural values
What factors are involved in team composition?
1) member roles 2)
What are the 3 components of organizational culture?
1) observable artifacts (Observable artifacts include symbols, physical structures, language, stories, rituals, and ceremonies) 2) espoused values 3) basic underlying assumptions.
List the steps of how structures evolve:
1) one-person organizations 2) hiring of assistance 3) line of organization (assistance become managers and they have workers) 4) line and staff organization
CH 9: What are the big 5 personality factors?
1) openness 2)conscientiousness 3) extraversion (Positive affectivity) 4) agreeableness 5)neuroticism (negative affectivity) "CANOE"/"OCEAN"
What four varieties does emotional intelligence come in?
1. Self awareness (do you know what you're feeling?) 2. Other awareness (can you read how others are feeling?) 3. Emotion regulation (are you able to regulate your feelings?) 4. Use of emotion (Do you use emotions appropriately within your relationships with others?)
Organizational restructuring efforts have a ____________ effect on job performance. They have a more significant negative effect on organizational commitment, because employees tend to feel less emotional attachment to organizations that are restructuring.
15.5 Organizational restructuring efforts have a weak negative effect on job performance. They have a more significant negative effect on organizational commitment, because employees tend to feel less emotional attachment to organizations that are restructuring.
___% of a managers day is spent communicating
80%
What is coordination loss?
A factor that creates process loss; members have to work to not only accomplish their own tasks, but also coordinate their activities with the activities of their teammates. Coordination loss consumes time and energy that could otherwise be devoted to task activity.
What makes a culture strong, and is it always good for an organization to have a strong culture?
A high level of culture strength exists when employees definitively agree about the way things are supposed to happen within the organization (high consensus) and when their subsequent behaviors are consistent with those expectations (high intensity). As shown in Figure 16-4, a strong culture serves to unite and direct employees. Weak cultures exist when employees disagree about the way things are supposed to be or what's expected of them, meaning that there is nothing to unite or direct their attitudes and actions. Strong cultures take a long time to develop and are very difficult to change.
What is a team?
A team consists of two or more people who work *interdependently* over some time period to accomplish *common goals* related to some *task-oriented purpose*.
What is creative behavior?
A team's activities are focused on generating novel and useful ideas and solutions. Creative behavior in teams can be fostered when members participate in a specific set of activities. These activities include: brainstorming and nominal group technique
What is boundary spanning?
A type of taskwork process which involves three types of activities with individuals and groups other than those who are considered a part of the team. 1) Ambassador activities 2) task coordinator activities 3) Scout acitivities
What is the value in diversity problem-solving approach?
According to this perspective, diversity in teams is beneficial because it provides for a larger pool of knowledge and perspectives from which a team can draw as it carries out its work. Having greater diversity in knowledge perspectives stimulates the exchange of information, which in turn fosters learning among team members. The knowledge that results from this learning is then shared and integrated with the knowledge of other members, ultimately helping the team perform more effectively.
What are organizational politics?
Actions by individuals that are directed toward the goal of furthering their own self-interests.
What is communion striving? What big 5 type prioritizes this?
Agreeableness reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a mean of expressing personality --> getting along rather than getting ahead Beneficial in some instances and detrimental in others (managers cannot focus on getting along with everyone)
What is alternative dispute resolution?
Alternative dispute resolution is a process by which two parties resolve conflicts through the use of a specially trained, neutral third party. There are various types of alternative dispute resolution that offer each party more or less control over the outcomes in question. Which types of resolution are chosen are generally a function of time pressures, dispute intensity, and the type of conflict involved. Two of the most common forms are mediation and arbitration (Arbitration occurs when a third party determines a binding settlement to a dispute).
What is information richness?
Amount and depth of information that gets transmitted in a message. Face-to-face channels have the highest level of information richness because senders convey meaning both through language and also non-verbally through body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice. It because it provides the opportunity for senders and receivers to receive feedback, which allows them to verify and ensure their messages are received and interpreted correctly.
What is the influence tactic of inspirational appeal
An inspirational appeal is a tactic designed to appeal to the target's values and ideals, thereby creating an emotional or attitudinal reaction. An inspirational appeal is a tactic designed to appeal to the target's values and ideals.
What is puntuated equilibrium?
Another situation in which the development sequence is less applicable may be in certain types of project teams that follow a pattern of development called punctuated equilibrium. At the initial team meeting, members make assumptions and establish a pattern of behavior that lasts for the first half of its life. The pattern of behaviors becomes a matter of habit for members and creates an inertia that continues until roughly the midway point. Then something remarkable happens: Members realize that they have to change their approach to the task to complete it on time. Teams that take this opportunity to plan a new approach during this transition tend to do well, and the new framework dominates their behavior until task completion. However, teams that don't take the opportunity to change their approach tend to persist with their original pattern and may "go down with a sinking ship." Interestingly, the realization that things have to change at the midway point of task completion occurs regardless of the time frame of the project.
What is the connection between cognitive and emotional intelligence in the Lucy clip show in "ability" video?
As her cognitive abilities were increasing, so were her emotional intelligence, especially emotion regulation.
What four styles can leaders use to make decisions?
Autocratic style Consultative style Facilitative style delegative style
What is nominal group technique?
Brings the team together and outlines the purpose of the meeting Then individual team members have a set period of time to write down their own ideas on a piece of paper. Team reconvenes and members share their ideas with the team in a round-robin fashion. After the ideas are recorded, members have a discussion intended to clarify ideas and build on the ideas of others. Then it is back to individual environment for members to rank order ideas on a card that they submit to the facilitator. The facilitator then tabulates the scores to determine the winning idea.
VIDEO: Describe the Keirsey type of idealist:
Communication-ABSTRACT Action-PEOPLE ORIENTED 15-20% of population Inspirational leaders (very people focused)
What is cohesion?
COHESION For a number of reasons, such as having trusting relationships, members of teams can develop strong emotional bonds to other members of their team and to the team itself. This emotional attachment, which is called cohesion, tends to foster high levels of motivation and commitment to the team, and as a consequence, cohesiveness tends to promote higher levels of team performance.
What is emotional intelligence?
Capabilities related to the management and use of emotions when interacting with others (how we relate to others)
What is centrality? What is visibility?
Centrality represents how important a person's job is and how many people depend on that person to accomplish their tasks. Leaders who perform critical tasks and interact with others regularly have a greater ability to use their power to influence others. Visibility is how aware others are of a leader's power and position. If everyone knows that a leader has a certain level of power, the ability to use that power to influence others is likely to be high.
VIDEO: Describe the Keirsey type of Artisan
Communication -CONCRETE Action-PEOPLE ORIENTED 30-35% of population Troubleshooting leaders (thinks outside the boxes) Change makers; looking for something bigger and better
VIDEO: Describe the Keirsey type of Rational
Communication-ABSTRACT Action-TASK ORIENTED 5-10% of population Rationals make strategic leaders Rationals want to know what the big picture is; do not want to know the details
VIDEO: Describe the Keirsey type of Guardian
Communication-Concrete Action-Task-oriented 40-45% of population Guardians make stabilizing leaders
What is ambassador activities?
Communications that are intended to protect the team, persuade others to support the team, or obtain important resources for the team. Members who participate in ambassador activities usually communicate with people who are higher up in the organization
Chapter 13 video: from the video review "Crimson Tide" what kind of response to influence is seen?
Compliance and resistance
What is accomplishment striving? What big 5 type prioritizes this?
Conscientious A strong desire to accomplish task-related goals as a means of expressing personality. personality. People who are "accomplishment strivers" have a built-in desire to finish work tasks, channel a high proportion of their efforts toward those tasks, and work harder and longer on task assignments. As evidence of their accomplishment-striving nature, one research study showed that conscientious salespeople set higher sales goals for themselves than unconscientious salespeople and were more committed to meeting those goals.
VIDEO: How does consciousness correlate with the Big 5 personality types?
Consciousness is the most important of these in terms of the relationships with the other components of the model + w/ job satisfaction, - w/ stress, + w/ motivation, + w/ trust
What is consultation? What is collaboration?
Consultation occurs when the target is allowed to participate in deciding how to carry out or implement a request. This tactic increases commitment from the target, who now has a stake in seeing that his or her opinions are valued. A leader uses collaboration by attempting to make it easier for the target to complete the request.
What are factors that are apart of process loss?
Coordination loss Motivational loss Social Loafing
What is the relationship between personality and cultural values?
Cultural values can influence the development of peoples personality traits, as well as how those traits are expressed in daily life.
What is culture?
Culture is defined as the shared values, beliefs, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations.
What is discretion?
Discretion is the degree to which managers have the right to make decisions on their own. If managers are forced to follow organizational policies and rules, their ability to influence others is reduced.
What is zero acquaintance situations? What big 5 type prioritizes this?
EXTRAVERSION is the easiest to judge in zero acquaintance situations- situations in which two people have only just met. (only takes 5 minutes to determine if the stranger in the airport is extravert or introvert)
VIDEO: For the Zappos video shown for personality and cultural values, what was demonstrated? What "Big 5" personality characteristics are they looking for?
Effective interview process that the employee is a good fit for the job. Extroverted, openness (creative), agreeableness
Chapter 14 video: according to the managerial grid by Blake & Mouton, if a manager has a high concern for people and concern for results, what kind of management is it?
Team management or 9:9 management
Chapter 12 video: Define teamwork processes
HOW we accomplish the tasks. Continuous transition process followed by action process with a constant underlaying interpersonal processes. transition processes: Deciding what the group is going to do, planning. Mission analysis, strategy formulation, goal specification Action processes: Monitoring progress, system monitoring, helping behavior, coordination Interpersonal processes: motivating and confidence building, conflict management
What is the difference between power and influence?
Having power increases our ability to influence behavior. It doesn't mean that we will use or exert that power. Influence is the use of an actual behavior that causes behavioral or attitudinal changes in others.
What taxonomies can be used to describe cultural values?
Hofstede's dimensions of cultural values
What is the taxonomies of RIASEC model?
Holland's RIASEC model suggests that interests can be summarized by six different personality types: 1) Realistic: Enjoys practical, hands-on, real-world tasks. Tends to be frank, practical, determined, and rugged. 2) Investigative: Enjoys abstract, analytical, theory-oriented tasks. Tends to be analytical, intellectual, reserved, and scholarly. 3) Artistic: Enjoys entertaining and fascinating others using imagination. Tends to be original, independent, impulsive, and creative. 4) Social: Enjoys helping, serving, or assisting others. Tends to be helpful, inspiring, informative, and empathic. 5) Enterprising: Enjoys persuading, leading, or outperforming others. Tends to be energetic, sociable, ambitious, and risk-taking. 6)Conventional: Enjoys organizing, counting, or regulating people or things. Tends to be careful, conservative, self-controlled, and structured.
What are lie scales that are embedded into integrity tests?
If you are identified to be "too honest" you may fail an honesty test. The assumption is that you are faking a little bit to good.
What is groupthink?
In highly cohesive teams, members may try to maintain harmony by striving toward consensus on issues without ever offering, seeking, or seriously considering alternative viewpoints and perspectives. This drive toward conformity at the expense of other team priorities is called groupthink and is thought to be associated with feelings of overconfidence about the team's capabilities
What is the influence tactic of ingratiation?
Ingratiation is the use of favors, compliments, or friendly behavior to make the target feel better about the influencer. You might more commonly hear this referred to as "sucking up," especially when used in an upward influence sense.
What does the time-driven model of leadership suggest?
It suggests that the focus should shift away from autocratic, consultative, facilitative, and delegative LEADERS to autocratic, consultative, facilitative, and delegative SITUATIONS. More specifically, the model suggests that seven factors combine to make some decision-making styles more effective in a given situation and other styles less effective. Those seven factors include: 1) Decision significance: Is the decision significant to the success of the project or the organization? 2)Importance of commitment: Is it important that employees "buy in" to the decision? 3) Leader expertise: Does the leader have significant knowledge or expertise regarding the problem? 4) Likelihood of commitment: How likely is it that employees will trust the leader's decision and commit to it? 5) Shared objectives: Do employees share and support the same objectives, or do they have an agenda of their own? 6) Employee expertise: Do the employees have significant knowledge or expertise regarding the problem? 7) Teamwork skills: Do the employees have the ability to work together to solve the problem, or will they struggle with conflicts or inefficiencies?
Larger companies adopt a ______structure.
Larger companies adopt a more bureaucratic structure. This structure may be functional in nature, such that employees are grouped by job tasks, or multi-divisional, such that employees are grouped by product, geography, or client.
Describe the facilitative style
Leader presents the problem to a group of employees and seeks consensus on a solution, making sure that his or her own opinion receives no more weight than anyone elses. The leader is more facilitator than decision maker.
Chapter 14 video: Describe the trait theory
Leaders have personal characteristic that non-leaders do not have
Chapter 14 video: describe the contingency/situational theory
Leaders vary their behavior depending on the situation and the maturity of followers "one thing depends on other things" helps managers decide wether to be a people or task oriented person AKA situational
VIDEO: How do integrity tests work for less honest individuals?
Less honest individuals are likely to... 1) report higher Hz of dishonest behavior 2) Forgive or excuse dishonest behavior 3) Come up with more excuses or reasons for there behavior 4)Think more about theft and come up with more ways they can be successful at theft 5) View dishonest behavior as acceptable 6) Act on their impulses
What is motivational loss?
Loss in team productivity that occurs when team members don't work as hard as they could.
What is social loafing?
Members of teams don't always work together at the same time as a unit. Uncertainty regarding who contributes what results in team members feeling less accountable for team outcomes. Those feelings of reduced accontability cause members to exert less effort when working on team tasks than they would if they worked alone on those same tasks. THIS IS CALLED SOCIAL LOAFING and can significantly hinder a team's effectiveness. (In the context of a student team responsible for a project, motivational loss and social loafing may result if some students on the team come to depend on a student who is particularly motivated and knowledgeable.)
What are other taxonomies besides the Big Five?
Myers-Briggs Type Inventory Holland's RIASEC model
What is differential reactivity? What big 5 personality type is related to it?
Neuroticism is also associated with a differential reactivity to stressors, meaning that neurotic people are less likely to believe they can cope with the stressors that they experience. Neuroticism is largely responsible for the Type A Behavior Pattern that has been shown to affect employees' health and ability to manage stressful environments. That is, neurotic people are much more likely to be "Type As," whereas less neurotic individuals are much more likely to be "Type Bs"
What is locus of control? What big 5 personality type is related to it?
Neuroticism is also strongly related to locus of control, which reflects whether people attribute the causes of events to themselves or to the external environment. Neurotic people tend to hold an external locus of control, meaning that they often believe that the events that occur around them are driven by luck, chance, or fate. Less neurotic people tend to hold an internal locus of control, meaning that they believe that their own behavior dictates events.
VIDEO: How does openness correlate with the Big 5 personality types?
No relationship between openness and job satisfaction, stress, motivation, trust but it may vary depending on different jobs research might not be there but we might see more of this in the future
What is production blocking?
Occurs when members have to wait on one another before they can do their part of the team task. (part of coordination loss)
What is organizational culture?
Organizational culture is the shared social knowledge within an organization regarding the rules, norms, and values that shape the attitudes and behaviors of its employees.
Which type of team has low member involvement?
Parallel team (example: quality circle, advisory council, committee)
What is the similarity-attraction approach?
People tend to be more attracted to others who are perceived as more similar. People also tend to avoid interaction with those who are perceived to be dissimilar, to reduce the likelihood of having uncomfortable disagreements.
What is the influence tactic of personal appeals?
Personal appeals occur when the requestor asks for something based on personal friendship or loyalty. The stronger the friendship.
What are the three tactics that have been shown to be least effective and could result in resistance from the target?
Pressure (use of coercive power through threats and demands) Coalitions (influencer enlists other people to help influence the target) Exchange tactics (used when the requestor offers a reward or resource to the target in return for performing a request)
What is referent power?
Referent power exists when others have a desire to identify and be associated with a person. This desire is generally derived from affection, admiration, or loyalty toward a specific individual.
What is decision informity?
Reflects whether members possess adequate information about their own task responsibilities. Project teams can fail, for example, because the team member in charge of marketing doesn't gather information necessary to help the team understand the desires and needs of the client.
Does research acknowledge that employees' genes have a significant impaction on their job satisfaction?
Research now acknowledges that employees' genes have a significant impact on their job satisfaction and that much of that genetic influence is due to extraversion (and neuroticism, as discussed next).
What is substitutability?
Substitutability is the degree to which people have alternatives in accessing resources. Leaders that control resources to which no one else has access can use their power to gain greater influence.
Chapter 11 video: What are the 2 types of diversity? describe each type.
Surface level: observable differences between team members Deep Level: attitudes, values, personality
What are team states?
Team states refer to specific types of feelings and thoughts that coalesce in the minds of team members as a consequence of their experience working together. For example, as a consequence of supportive leadership and positive member interactions, team members may develop feelings of psychological safety, or the sense that it is OK to do things that are interpersonally risky, or that expressing opinions and making suggestions that challenge the status quo won't be met with embarrassment and rejection at the hands of teammates.
Teams can vary with respect to the degree to which they have _________ and are _______________.
Teams can vary with respect to the degree to which they have autonomy and are self-managed.
Teamwork process have a ____ positive relationship with team performance and a _____ positive relationship with team committment
Teamwork process have a Moderate positive relationship with team performance and a Strong strong positive relationship with team commitment
What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) ?
The MBTI evaluates individuals on the basis of four types of preferences: 1) Extraversion (being energized by people and social interactions) versus Introversion (being energized by private time and reflection). 2) Sensing (preferring clear and concrete facts and data) versus Intuition (preferring hunches and speculations based on theory and imagination). 3) Thinking (approaching decisions with logic and critical analysis) versus Feeling (approaching decisions with an emphasis on others' needs and feelings). 4) Judging (approaching tasks by planning and setting goals) versus Perceiving (preferring to have flexibility and spontaneity when performing tasks). The MBTI categorizes people into one of 16 different types on the basis of their preferences. For example, an "ISTJ" has a preference for Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging.
Describe laissez-faire leadership
The avoidance of leadership altogether. Important actions are delayed, responsibility is ignored, and power and influence go unutilized. One common measure of leadership reflects laissez-faire styles with this statement: "The leader avoids getting involved when important issues arise."
In terms of creative behavior, what is brainstorming?
The best-known activity that teams use to foster creative behavior Brainstorming involves a face-to-face meeting of team members in which each offers as many ideas as possible about some focal problem or issue. Most brainstorming sessions center around the following rules: 1. Express all ideas that come to mind (no matter how strange). 2. Go for quantity of ideas rather than quality. 3. Don't criticize or evaluate the ideas
The effects of _______ diversity tend to diminish with time. The effects of ____ diversity tend to increase over time.
The effects of SURFACE LEVEL diversity tend to diminish with time The effects of DEEP LEVEL diversity tend to increase over time
What is core self-evaluation?
The fundamental appraisal you make about your self-worth and your capabilities
The role ______ phase is marked by a free-flowing exchange in which the leader offers more opportunities and resources and the employee contributes more activities and effort
The role making phase is marked by a free-flowing exchange in which the leader offers more opportunities and resources and the employee contributes more activities and effort
VIDEO: Define personality
The structures and propensities inside a person that explain his or her characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior
What is the influence tactic of rational persuasion?
The use of logical arguments and hard facts to show the target that the request is worthwhile
What is scout activities?
Things team members do to obtain information about technology, competitors, or the broader marketplace. The marketing team member who meets with an engineer to seek information about new materials is engaging in scout activities.
What is the correlation between transformational leadership and job performance? organizational committent?
Transformational leadership has a moderate positive correlation on Performance. Transformational leadership has a moderate positive correlation on Performance.
What is transactive memory?
Whereas mental models refer to the degree to which the knowledge is shared among members, transactive memory refers to how specialized knowledge is distributed among members in a manner that results in an effective system of memory for the team. This concept takes into account the idea that not everyone on a team has to possess the same knowledge. Instead, team effectiveness requires that members understand when their own specialized knowledge is relevant to the team and how their knowledge should be combined with the specialized knowledge of other members to accomplish team goals.
What is the test used to determine general cognitive (mental) ability?
Wonderlic Personnel test
What type of team is the following scenario describing: "Consider how cars and trucks are manufactured at Toyota. Teams are composed of four to eight members who do the physical work, and a leader who supports the team and coordinates with other teams. Although the teams are responsible for the work involved in the assembly of the vehicles, they are also responsible for quality control and developing ideas for improvements in the production process. Team members inspect each other's work, and when they see a problem, they stop the line until they are able to resolve the problem."
Work teams
Are personality tests useful tools for organizational hiring?
Yes Research suggests that applicants do "fake" to some degree on the tests, but faking does not significantly lower the correlation between test scores and the relevant outcomes.
VIDEO: Integrity tests, do they work?
Yes, they are both reliable and valid (score on the test is related to job performance and counterproductive behaviors) Take into consideration: high false-positive (25%-75%) (If you give a # of people this test, up to 75% could fail it. You are getting rid of people that could be good performers)
What is the correlation between ability and job performance? ability and organizational committment?
ability and job performance have a STRONG correlation Ability and organizational commitment have a WEAK correlation.
Chapter 12 video: Define Task work processes
accomplishing the tasks Good teams tend to be good at: 1) Creative behavior 2) Decision making (decision informity, staff validity, hierarchical sensitivity) 3) Boundary Spanning (ambassador activities, task coordinator activities, scout activities)
What is taskwork processes?
activities of team members that relate directly to the accomplishment of team tasks. Occurs anytime that team members interact with the tools or technologies that are used to complete their work.
Chapter 11 video: What is a team charter?
agreement among team members on how it will work mission statement, team goals, team norms, key players and role responsibilities, team challenges, and actions
What is integrative bargaining?
aimed at accomplishing a win win scenario Use of problem solving and mutual respect to achieve an outcome that is satisfying for both parties
What is the influence tactic of apprising?
apprising occurs when the requestor clearly explains why performing the request will benefit the target personally. It differs from rational persuasion in that it focuses solely on the benefit to the target as opposed to simple logic or benefits to the group or organization.
What are interests?
are expressions of personality that influence behavior through preferences for certain environments and activities. Interests reflect stable and enduring likes and dislikes that can explain why people are drawn toward some careers and away from others.
What are basic underlying assumptions?
are the taken-for-granted beliefs and philosophies that are so ingrained that employees simply act on them rather than questioning the validity of their behavior in a given situation. These assumptions represent the deepest and least observable part of a culture and may not be consciously apparent, even to organizational veterans.
What is the life cycle theory of leadership?
argues that the optimal combination of initiating structure and consideration depends on the readiness of the employees in the work unit. Readiness is broadly defined as the degree to which employees have the ability and the willingness to accomplish their specific tasks.
Chapter 14 video: according to the managerial grid by Blake & Mouton, if a manager has a low concern for people and high concern for results, what kind of management is it?
authority compliance management
What are team task roles?
behaviors that directly facilitate the accomplishment of team tasks (the orienter who establishes the direction for the team) (the devils advocate who offers constructive challenges to the team's status quo) (the energizer who motivates team members to work harder toward team goals)
What are team-building roles?
behaviors that influence the quality of the teams social climate. (team member who tends to be helpful to other team members is fulfilling an important team-building role) (The harmonizer who steps in to resolve differences among teammates) (The encourager who praises the work of the teammates) (The compromiser who helps the team see alternative solutions that teammates can accept)
Chapter 14 video: what is transformational leadership
can truly change things in a significant way inspire follower to commit to a shared vision that provides meaning to their work
_______ ability is the capabilities related to the acquisition and application of knowledge in problem solving
cognitive ability
What is task coordinator activities?
communications that are intended to coordinate task-related issues with people or groups in other functional areas. a member of the team might meet with someone from manufacturing to work out how a coupon might be integrated into the product packaging materials.
Chapter 13 video: what is the second most effective response to influence tactics?
compliance performs request because they have to behavior changes but attitude doesn't
What type of communication has the lowest information richness?
computer-generated reports that consist largely of numbers.
What big 5 trait are related to job performance across all occupations?
conscientiousness (has the biggest influence on job performance)
What is the relationship between conscientiousness and job performance? Organizational commitment?
conscientiousness has a moderate positive relationship with job performance and organizational commitment Conscientiousness has stronger effects on these outcomes than the rest of the Big Five
Chapter 14 video: according to the managerial grid by Blake & Mouton, if a manager has a high concern for people and low concern for results, what kind of management is it?
country club management
Chapter 11 video: What is the difference between crowds and groups? Teams?
crowds there is no purposeful interaction, groups freely interacting. Teams are a subset of a group. Teams you are there for a purpose, you are a mini organization. People are interdependent on one another.
Describe characteristics of conscientiousness
dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, persevering
What is legitimate power?
derives from a position of authority inside the organization and is sometimes referred to as "formal authority". A person with legitimate power has a title A person with legitimate power have the understood right to ask others to do things that are considered within the scope of their authority
Describe mechanistic organizations
efficient, rigid, predictable, and standardized organizations that thrive in stable environments Example: large manufacturing organizations, government organizations
While the big five can predict job performance, a stronger predictor is ________ __________
employee ability
Chapter 11 video: What is pooled interdependence?
every member works independently on their "part" and then put it all together very little coordination between members, independent work
What is outcome interdependence?
exists when team members share in the rewards that the team earns
Chapter 13 video: Describe the Milgram Experiment
experimenter and student (were in on the experiment) and a teacher. Teacher asked questions to the student and if they answered incorrectly the teacher administered a "shock" increasing in shock voltage for each missed question. As voltage increased the student would start making verbal remarks "ow that hurts" "please stop I have a heart condition" Whole point of the experiment was to see how far the teacher would go and would continue 2/3 went the whole way. When asked why they say they didn't have a choice because it was up to the experimenter.
What are the types of personal power?
expert power referent power
What is expert power?
expert power derives from a person's expertise, skill, or knowledge on which others depend.
What is positive affectivity? What big 5 type prioritizes this?
extraversion a dispositional tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation. That tendency to experience positive moods across situations explains why extraverts tend to be more satisfied with their jobs.
What big 5 traits typical remains quite stable throughout a person's life?
extraversion openness (after a sharp increase from teenage years to college age) These two are most dependent on genes
What is status striving? What big 5 type prioritizes this?
extraversion reflects a strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as as a means of expressing personality.
Chapter 14 video: according to the managerial grid by Blake & Mouton, if a manager has a low concern for people and concern for results, what kind of management is it?
impoverished management or 1:1 management
Chapter 13 video: what is the most effective response to influence tactics?
internalization the person (the target) agrees and become committed. Convinced what we ask them to do is a good idea and changes in behavior and attitude
Power and influence have a _____ correlation on job performance and organizational commitment
moderate correlation
What are the correlations between task interdependence and team performance?
moderate correlation more complex task the higher the relationship
Describe characteristics of agreeableness
kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, courteous, warm
Chapter 14 video: Describe the Behavior theory
leaders BEHAVE in certain ways that non-leaders do not -Task oriented (focus on result, productivity-"initiating structure") -People oriented (focus on relationships, people - "consideration" YOU DO NOT HAVE TO BE BORN A LEADER TO BE A GOOD LEADER
Which of the outcomes discussed in class should be (at least moderately) correlated with cognitive ability?
learning decision making job performance
Which type of team has moderate member involvement?
management team
Chapter 11 video: What is reciprocal interdependence?
mini teams within the group itself (group members 1 and 2 working together, 3 and 4, etc). can be very effectively
What is network structure?
pattern of communication that occurs regularly among each member of the team and can be described in terms of: Centralization: degree to which the communication in a network flows through some members rather than others. The more communication flows through fewer members of the team, the higher the degree of centralization. -All channel network structure: which is highly decentralized. Every member can communicate with every other member. Student teams typically communicate using this type of structure. -Wheel network structure. This network structure is highly centralized because all the communication flows through a single member. Teams that use a wheel structure often consist of an "official" leader who makes final decisions based on recommendations from members who have expertise in different fields.
What is maximum performance?
performance in brief, special circumstances that demand a person's best effort (employee's ability is a key driver)
What is typical performance?
performance in the routine conditions that surround daily job tasks (conscientiousness is a key driver)
Chapter 11 video: What is task interdependence?
refers to the degree to which team members interact with and rely on other team members for the information, materials, and resources needed to accomplish work for the team
What is hierarchical sensitivity?
reflects the degree to which the leader effectively weighs the recommendations of the members. Whom does the leader listen to, and whom does the leader ignore? Teams that make good decisions tend to have leaders that do a good job giving recommendations the weight they deserve.
Chapter 12 video: define team process.
reflects the different activities and interactions that occur within teams and contribute to their ultimate end goals
Chapter 13 video: what is the least effective response to influence tactics?
resistance Target is opposed to the request and attempts to avoid doing it no change in behavior and no change in attitude
What are conjunctive tasks?
situations in which it was crucial that everyone on the team possessed the relevant abilities. Returning to the pit crew example, stock cars cannot leave the pit area until all the tires are mounted, and so the length of the pit stop is determined by the physical abilities of the slowest crew member. Tasks like this, for which the team's performance depends on the abilities of the "weakest link," are called conjunctive tasks.
What is situational strength?
strong situations have clear behavioral expectations, incentives, or instructions that make differences between individuals less important, whereas "weak situations" lack those cues.
What are methods to separate nature and nurture effects?
study identical twins who've been adopted by different sets of parents at birth. genes have a significant impact on peoples big five profile examine changes in personality traits over time (through personality assessments at multiple time periods).
What are contingency factors that increase or decrease the degree to which leaders can use their power to influence others?
substitutability, discretion, centrality, visibility
What is the substitutes for leadership model?
substitutes for leadership model suggests that certain characteristics of the situation can constrain the influence of the leader, making it more difficult for the leader to influence employee performance. Those situational characteristics come in two varieties. Substitutes reduce the importance of the leader while simultaneously providing a direct benefit to employee performance. For example, a cohesive work group can provide its own sort of governing behaviors, making the leader less relevant, while providing its own source of motivation and job satisfaction. Neutralizers, in contrast, only reduce the importance of the leader; they themselves have no beneficial impact on performance.
Describe characteristics of extraversion
talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, dominant
What are disjunctive tasks?
tasks with an objectively verifiable best solution, the member who possesses the highest level of the ability relevant to the task will have the most influence on the effectiveness of the team.
What is goal interdependence?
team members have a shared vision of the team's goals and align their individual goals with that vision as a result.
What is political skill?
the ability to effectively understand others at work and use that knowledge to influence others in ways that enhance personal and/or organizational objectives
What are espoused values?
the beliefs, philosophies, and norms that a company explicitly states Espoused values can range from published documents, such as a company's vision or mission statement, to verbal statements made to employees by executives and managers.
Chapter 12 video: Define team states
the ego, self-image of the team. Cohesion (strong emotional bonds; sense of unity) potency (belief in the teams effectiveness) mental models (common understanding about who we are and our goals) transactive memory (who has the specific. knowledge needed to accomplish our goals)
Describe the active management by exception
the leader arranges to monitor mistakes and errors actively and again takes corrective action when required. This approach is represented by statements like: "The leader directs attention toward failures to meet standards."
Describe the delegative style
the leader gives an individual employee or a group of employees the responsibility for making the decision within some set of specified boundary conditions The leader plays no role in the deliberations unless asked, though they might offer encouragement and provide necessary resources behind the scenes.
Describe the autocratic style?
the leader makes the decision alone without asking for the opinions or suggestions of the employees in the work unit. The employees may provide information that the leader needs but are not asked to generate or evaluate potential solutions. Example: Fiat-Chrysler CEO ("speed is the only thing that will save Chrysler at this point")
Describe passive management-by-exception
the leader waits around for mistakes and errors, then takes corrective action as necessary. After all, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it!" This approach is represented by statements like: "The leader takes no action until complaints are received."
What is mental models?
the level of common understanding among team members with regard to important aspects of the team and its task.
What are observable artifacts?
the manifestations of an organization's culture that employees can easily see or talk about
What is organizational design? What are factors to be considered in organizational design?
the process of creating, implementing, monitoring, and modifying the structure, processes, and procedures of an organization Factors to be considered in organizational design include a company's business environment, its strategy, its technology, and its size.
What is ability?
the relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a particular range of different but related activities
What is personality?
the structures and propensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns of though ,emotion, and behavior.
What is potency?
to the degree to which members believe that the team can be effective across a variety of situations and tasks. When a team has high potency, members are confident that their team can perform well, and as a consequence, they focus more of their energy on team tasks and teamwork in hopes of achieving team goals. When a team has low potency, members are not as confident about their team, so they begin to question the team's goals and one another.
What is staff validity?
to the degree to which members make good recommendations to the leader. Team members can possess all the information needed to make a good recommendation but then fail to do so because of a lack of ability, insight, or good judgment.
What is trait activation?
trait activation suggests that some situations provide cues that trigger the expression of a given trait. For example, a cry for help provides a cue that can trigger the expression of empathy.
What are the correlations between task interdependence and team committment?
weak correlation
What is coercive power?
when a person has control over punishments in an organization. Coercive power operates primarily on the principle of fear.
What is distributive bargaining?
when one person gains, the other person loses. Zero-sum condition
What is reward power?
when someone has control over the resources or rewards another person wants. Managers generally have control over raises, performance evaluations, awards, more desirable job assignments. Those with reward power have the ability to influence others if those being influenced believe they will get rewards by behaving a certain way
Chapter 11 video: What is comprehensive interdependence?
where team members continually interacting with and dependent on every other team member to complete task manager every member knows everything about that project
What is the leader-member exchange theory?
which describes how leader-member relationships develop over time on a dyadic basis, can explain why those differences exist. The theory argues that new leader-member relationships are typically marked by a role taking phase, during which a manager describes role expectations to an employee and the employee attempts to fulfill those expectations with his or her job behaviors.6 In this period of sampling and experimentation, the leader tries to get a feel for the talent and motivation levels of the employee.
Describe transactional leadership
which occurs when the leader rewards or disciplines the follower depending on the adequacy of the follower's performance.
What are additive tasks?
which the contributions resulting from the abilities of every member "add up" to determine team performance.
Chapter 11 video: What is sequential interdependence?
work completed in succession, with one group's or job's outputs becoming the inputs for the next group or job
Which type of team has high member involvement?
work team
