mgt ch 12
applying the job characteristics model requires the following:
-diagnose the work environment to see whether a problem exists -consider how to redesign the job -determine whether job redesign is appropriate
4 motivational mechanisms associated with goal setting theory
-fosters use of strategies and action plans -directs your attention -increases your persistence -regulates the effort expended
model of motivation steps
1. motivation 2. behaviors 3. rewards 4. feedback
jobs with high ________________ allow workers to set their own schedules and decide how to perform the necessary tasks
autonomy
cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives
bonuses
employee earning a percentage of the sales price
commission
jake thinks if he studies hard for the next test he'll earn a high score. in terms of motivation theory, this is an example of
expectancy
the theory of motivation, that asserts that motivation is the combination of how much you want something and how likely you think you are to get it is known as
expectancy theory
theories of motivation that are characterized as process perspectives on motivation
expectancy theory goal setting theory equity theory
task identity
extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end
raises and other monetary incentives are examples of
extrinsic rewards
necessary to have so that employees know if they are on the right track when working on a project
feedback
distribution of savings to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity
gainsharing
simply giving employees additional tasks of similar difficulty is known as ____________ loading, whereas giving employees more responsibility such as in job enrichment is referred to as __________ loading
horizontal, vertical
in equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of
inputs
being confident that if she exceeds her sales quota for the year, she'll be promoted to regional manager. this is an example of
instrumentality element of the expectancy theory
the satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a
intrinsic reward
division of an organization's work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction are both part of
job design
in order to increase variety and positively impact worker motivation, a company increases the number of tasks in each job on the assembly line. this is known as
job enlargement
jasmine previously handled only accounts payable in the company. now she handles accounts receivable as well. this is an example of
job enlargement
sam wants to improve job satisfaction, so he adds more responsibility, complexity, and control to his subordinates' jobs. this is an example of
job enrichment
reducing the number of tasks an employee performs
job simplification
one of the key "take aways" from expectancy theory is that a manager should link rewards to the
level of performance
pay for performance, basing pay on one's results is known as
merit pay
getting free breakfast program and on site childcare at work causes employee to get to work early. this is an example of
motivation
psychological processes that arouse and direct goal directed behavior
motivation
people who feel that they are being under rewarded for their inputs/outputs on the job typically respond in a ___________ manner
negative
the rewards, such as recognition and praise, that people receive from an organization (in equity theory)
outputs
3 key elements in equity theory
outputs inputs comparison
what type of compensation plan ties employee pay to the number of job relevant skills or academic degrees they earn?
pay for knowledge
contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want...
personal and psychological development
seamstress paid $10 for each skirt she makes. what compensation plan does this describe
piece rate
distribution of a percentage of the company's profits to employees
profit sharing
his company allows employees to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price; example of
stock option
core job characteristics in the job characteristics model include
task identity skill variety feedback autonomy task significance
saying "I make a difference every day to the lives of elderly people in our community" is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?
task significance
enabling employees to work at home while keeping in touch with their employers and coworkers via email, phone, and other electronic technologies is known as
telecommuting
autonomy
the extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them
skill variety
the extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities and skills
task significanace
the extent to which the job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization
feedback
the extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job
examples of input, according to equity theory
training experience effort
laura's manager is retiring in six months, and laura really wants to be promoted to succeed her. in terms of expectancy theory, laura has a high __________ in regard to her job
valence
lois asks herself how badly she wants the bonus she could earn by working overtime on her current project. in terms of expectancy theory, this describes lois' _____________ for the additional pay
valence
Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model is composed of 3 major elements:
work outcomes psychological states core job characteristics