MGT Final Questions Ch.13

_____ is a theory of motivation that concentrates on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to, or in proportion to, their work inputs.

Equity theory

Goal-setting theory suggests that to stimulate high motivation and performance, goals must be generic and easy.

False

Identifying the right behavior for positive reinforcement is a straightforward and easy task.

False

Intrinsically motivated behavior is behavior that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment.

False

Managers who derive a sense of accomplishment and achievement from helping the organization achieve its goals and gain competitive advantages are extrinsically motivated.

False

Overpayment inequity exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome-input ratio is less than that of a referent.

False

Steve is a broker of a large financial company and is motivated by his sales commission. Steve is therefore intrinsically motivated.

False

The equity theory focuses on identifying the types of goals that are most effective in producing high levels of motivation and performance and explaining why goals have these effects.

False

The source of extrinsic motivation lies with actually performing the behavior and not with its consequences

False

Under profit sharing, managers receive a share of their employees' profits.

False

Using equity pay, another individual-based merit pay plan, managers base pay on a percentage of sales.

False

Which of the following managers is extrinsically motivated?

Jolie, who works hard because of the promotion she knows that doing so will bring her

Which of the following forms the pinnacle of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Self-actualization needs

_____ is a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully.

Self-efficacy

In what way do the theories of Maslow and Alderfer differ?

Unlike Maslow, Alderfer believed that a person can be motivated by needs from multiple levels at a time.

Sandy announces at the morning staff meeting that any employee who increases sales by 15% will receive a 15% commission. According to the expectancy theory, Sandy is promoting _____.

instrumentality

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, by providing adequate medical benefits and safe working conditions, managers satisfy their employees' _____.

need for safety

When _____ reinforcement is used, people are motivated to perform behaviors because they want to stop receiving or avoid undesired outcomes.

negative

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, which of the following outcomes helps to satisfy motivator needs?

A sense of accomplishment

_____ proposes that all people seek to satisfy five basic kinds of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

According to _____ employees will be motivated to perform at a high level and attain their work goals to the extent that high performance and goal attainment allow them to obtain outcomes they desire.

B.F. Skinner's operant condition theory

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs does a company satisfy when it organizes a picnic or holiday party for its employees?

Belongingness needs

In what way do the theories of Maslow and Alderfer resemble each other?

Both theories agree that as lower-level needs become satisfied, people seek to satisfy higher-level needs.

Which of the following managers displays prosocially motivated behavior?

Brett, who works hard because he knows that what he does improves the welfare of many people

According to the expectancy theory, in what way can a manager boost the expectancy levels and motivation of employees?

By expressing confidence in their competence and capability

_____ collapsed the five categories of needs in Maslow's hierarchy into three universal categories—existence, relatedness, and growth.

Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory

A person who is extrinsically motivated cannot be prosocially motivated at the same time.

False

According to Herzberg, satisfying hygiene needs is a more efficient way to ensure high levels of job satisfaction than satisfying motivator needs.

False

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, higher level needs must be satisfied before lower level needs.

False

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, the highest level of unmet needs in the hierarchy is the prime motivator of behavior.

False

According to the expectancy theory, the term instrumentality refers to how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization is to a person.

False

Advances in information technology have dramatically complicated the administration of piece-rate pay.

False

Drew works by the company's code of conduct only because he knows that not doing so will get him fired. Drew's motivation is intrinsic.

False

Extrinsically motivated behavior is that which is performed out of a desire to work for the welfare of society.

False

From a motivation standpoint, stock options are used not so much to motivate employees to work in the future for the good of the company but to reward them for past performance.

False

_____ considers how managers can ensure that organizational members focus their inputs in the direction of high performance and the achievement of organizational targets.

Goal-setting theory

_____ drew attention to the important distinction between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation

Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory

Why is organizational behavior modification criticized?

It can rob people of their individuality, freedom of choice, and creativity if used ineptly.

Which of the following is true of prosocially motivated behavior?

It is behavior that seeks to improve the well-being of other people.

Which of the following is true of the expectancy theory formulated by Victor H. Vroom?

It states that people are motivated to put effort into their work only if they think that their effort will pay off in high performance.

Which of the following is true of Alderfer's ERG theory?

It states that when people experience need frustration, they focus upon a lower-level need.

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, which of the following outcomes satisfy hygiene needs?

Job security

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following is true of instrumentality?

Managers promote high levels of instrumentality when they link performance to desired outcomes.

Which of the following managers is driven by intrinsic motivation?

Manuela, who works hard because of the sense of satisfaction that doing so gives her

_____ is central to management because it explains what drives or will drive people to achieve organizational goals.

Motivation

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, _____ needs are related to the nature of the work itself and how challenging it is.

Motivator

Which of the following is true according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Once a need is satisfied, it ceases to be a source of motivation.

Which of the following forms the base of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Physiological needs

_____ reinforcement gives people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors.

Positive

According to McClelland, the need for _____ is the extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others.

Power

Which of the following is true of valence, according to the expectancy theory?

Providing employees with highly valent outcomes can reduce turnover.

Which of the following theories proposes that motivation results not only from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from a person's thoughts and beliefs?

Social learning theory

Which of the following is true of Michael, a manager of stellar performance, who is driven by intrinsic motivation

The source of his motivation lies with performing his role well and achieving organizational goals.

Which of the following is true of extrinsic motivation?

The source of motivation is the consequences of the behavior, not the behavior itself.

A compensation plan of an organization that bases pay on performance is called a merit pay plan.

True

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, as lower-level needs become satisfied, a person seeks to satisfy higher-level needs.

True

According to McClelland, the need for affiliation is the extent to which an individual is concerned about having the people around him or her get along with each other.

True

According to the expectancy theory, an employee's perception about the extent to which his effort will result in a given level of performance is known as expectancy.

True

According to the expectancy theory, employees are motivated to perform at a high level only if they think high performance will lead to outcomes such as pay, job security, interesting job assignments, bonuses, or a feeling of accomplishment.

True

According to the expectancy theory, members of an organization are motivated to put forth a high level of effort only if they think that doing so leads to high performance.

True

According to the operant conditioning theory, by linking the performance of specific behaviors to the attainment of specific outcomes, managers can motivate organizational members to perform in ways that help an organization achieve its goals.

True

By linking positive reinforcers to the performance of functional behaviors, managers motivate people to perform the desired behaviors.

True

Equity exists when a person perceives his or her own outcome-input ratio to be equal to a referent's outcome-input ratio.

True

Learning theory focuses on the linkage between performance and outcomes in the motivation equation.

True

Motivation is highest when as many people as possible in an organization perceive that they are being equitably treated.

True

Organizational behavior modification works best for behaviors that are specific, objective, and countable

True

People can be both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated at the same time.

True

Providing employees with highly valent outcomes has the potential to reduce turnover.

True

The Scanlon plan motivated employees to propose and implement cost-cutting strategies because a percentage of the cost savings achieved during a specified time is distributed to the employees.

True

Vicarious learning is also known as observational learning.

True

_____ exists when a person's own outcome-input ratio is perceived to be less than that of a referent

Underpayment inequity

According to McClelland, the need for _____ is the extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence.

achievement

According to the expectancy theory, motivation is high when people:

believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and ultimately, to the attainment of the desired goals.

The goal-setting theory:

considers how managers can align the input of employees with organizational goals.

One way for managers to curtail the performance of dysfunctional behaviors is to eliminate whatever is reinforcing the behaviors. This process is called _____.

extinction

The source of _____ motivation lies with the acquisition of material or social rewards.

extrinsic

Michelle has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence. However, she does not wish do to so at the expense of maintaining good interpersonal relationships with her employees. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Michelle has a:

high need for affiliation and high need for achievement.

Carrow is a manager who believes that maintaining control over his employees is more important than maintaining cordial relationships with them. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Carrow has a:

high need for power and low need for affiliation.

Fletcher met all the goals his manager set him, despite being faced with several obstacles. He won the Employee of the Year award for his diligence. Fletcher is:

high on persistence.

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, _____ needs are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed.

hygiene

The source of _____ motivation lies with actually performing the behavior, and motivation comes from doing the work itself.

intrinsic

According to McClelland, the need for affiliation is the extent to which an individual:

is concerned about maintaining good interpersonal relations.

Harry has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence, even at the expense of maintaining good interpersonal relationships with his employees. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Harry has a:

low need for affiliation and high need for achievement

When an organization bases employees' pay on the number of units each employee produces, it is using a(n) _____.

piece-rate plan

When John violated the company's code of ethics, he was suspended for eight weeks without pay. This is an example of _____.

punishment

Julia perceives that she is working harder than a number of her coworkers and being paid less when compared to them. Julia is likely to be motivated to:

raise her work inputs

According Maslow's hierarchy of needs, as countries become wealthier and have higher standards of living, _____ needs are likely to be the prime motivators of behavior.

self-actualization

According Maslow's hierarchy of needs, by giving his/her employees the opportunity to use their skills and abilities to the fullest extent possible, a manager satisfies their _____.

self-actualization needs

As a reward for completing his assignment two weeks ahead of schedule, Scott rewarded himself with a long vacation. The reward is a(n) _____.

self-reinforcer

A manager provides outcomes to his subordinates for good performance in the form of rewards that they value. According to the expectancy theory, the manager is working on:

valence

According to the expectancy theory, the term _____ refers to how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization is to a person.

valence