MGT4375 Eichorn: Chapter 5 Review Questions

According to Vroom's expectancy theory, expectancy has a value ranging from -1, indicating no chance that an outcome will occur after the behavior or act, to +1, indicating certainty that a particular outcome will follow an act or a behavior.

False

Herzberg's work is accepted as generalizable to non-US locations.

False

Intrinsic conditions include pay, status, and working conditions.

False

Maslow's need hierarchy suggests a frustration-regression process is possible if an individual's attempts to obtain higher level needs are continually thwarted.

False

Need explanations are popular because they're so easy to remember.

False

Needs are forces acting on an employee that initiate and direct behavior.

False

Perceived overpayment inequity is more likely to occur when friends are involved.

False

Procedural justice is the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed throughout an organization.

False

Process motivation theories include Herzberg's, Vroom's and Skinners' work.

False

Process theories of motivation focus on the factors within the person that energize, direct, sustain, and stop behavior.

False

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test that was used to establish the viability of Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory.

False

The equity theory of motivation focuses exclusively on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are paid compared with others.

False

Unlike Maslow's hierarchy, Aldfer's ERG theory can claim empirical verification.

False

While both Maslow and Alderfer offers five-level need hierarchies, Alderfer states that there is also a frustration-regression process at work that plays a major role in motivating people.

False

Within the equity theory, "inputs" are constrained to perceived effort and do not include skills, experience, or learning.

False

An expectancy value of ____ indicates no chance that an outcome will occur after the behavior or act.

0

Using McClelland's prescriptions, a manager trying to develop a positive high need for affiliation would be encouraged to all of the following except: _______________.

None of the above

Within the context of equity theory, "inputs" may include all of the following except _______________.

None of the above

_______________ refers to the degree to which individuals feel fairly treated at the workplace.

Organizational justice

Within Herzberg's two-factor theory, "motivators" include all of the following except _______________.

Pay

Maslow hypothesized five classes of needs. In order of level (lowest to highest), they are:

Physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization

_______________ refers to the perceived equity or fairness of the organization's processes and procedures used to make resource and allocation decisions.

Procedural justice

The essence of equity theory is that employees compare their efforts and rewards with those of others in similar work situations.

True

The process theories of motivation describe how employees are motivated or how they select behaviors to meet their needs and determine whether they made the most successful choice.

True

The two factors within Herzberg's theory are labeled motivators and hygiene.

True

When taking a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), people tend to write stories that reflect their dominant needs.

True

Within the equity theory, the "comparison other" may be any individual(s) or group used by "Person" as a referent regarding the ratio of inputs and outcomes.

True

The essence of _______________ is that employees compare their efforts and rewards with those of others in similar work situations.

equity theory

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation, the perceived chance of something occurring because of a behavior is termed _______________.

expectancy

Process theories describe and analyze how behavior is energized, directed, sustained, and stopped by factors primarily ____________________ to the individual.

external

The expectancy theory of motivation considers two levels of outcomes. These are _______________.

first-and second-level

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation the valence concept applies to _______________.

first-and second-level outcomes

According to the two-factor theory of motivation, pay is generally considered a _______________.

hygiene factor

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation, an individual's perception that first-level outcomes are associated with second-level outcomes is termed _______________.

instrumentality

McClelland was the founder of the ____________________.

learned needs theory

Applying Herzberg's two-factor theory, an employee who is paid well, has job security, has good relationships with co-workers and the supervisor but is not given any challenging assignments and is very bored with his/her job is likely to have _______________.

low job dissatisfaction, low job satisfaction

An employee's response to a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is that the man at the desk is working long hours and misses his family, but nonetheless, remains at work to complete an important project. This response may be taken that the employee's dominant need is the _________.

n Ach

Alderfer's ERG theory of motivation differs from Maslow's need hierarchy _______________.

on how people move through the different levels of needs

Within Herzberg's two-factor theory, "hygiene factors" include all of the following except _______________.

opportunities for advancement

According to equity theory, a ____________________ is any individual(s) or group used by Person as a referent regarding the ratio of inputs and outcomes.

person

John believes that employees are treated arbitrarily and inconsistently. This may be considered a perception of low _______________.

procedural justice

Equity theory proposes that when inequity exists, a person may be motivated to restore equity by all of the following except _______________.

reverting to a lower level need

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) assess individual differences in _______________.

the need for achievement, need for power, and need for affiliation

Alderfer's ERG theory of motivation presents that there are _______________.

three levels of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation, the preference for outcomes, as seen by the individual, is termed _______________.

valence

Using McClelland's prescriptions, a manager trying to develop a positive high need for achievement would be encouraged to: _______________.

A. Point out models of achievement to employees. Identify and publicize the accomplishments of achievement heroes—the successful people, the winners—and use them as models B. Work with employees to improve their self-image. High n Ach people like themselves and seek moderate challenges and responsibilities C. Arrange job tasks so that employees receive periodic feedback on performance, providing information that enables them to make modifications or corrections

Critiques of Herzberg's theory include _______________.

A. a view that it oversimplifies the nature of job satisfaction B. that little attention is directed toward testing the theory's performance implications C. questions regarding its generalizability

Equity theory proposes that when inequity exists, a person may be motivated to restore equity by _______________.

A. changing inputs B. changing the reference person C. changing the situation

Herzberg's theory identifies two factors. These two factors have been referred to as _______________.

A. dissatisfiers and satisfiers B. hygiene and motivators C. extrinsic and intrinsic

Content theories of motivation _______________.

A. focus on the factors within the person that energize, direct, sustain, and stop behavior B. attempt to determine the specific needs that motivate people

Maslow's theory assumes _______________.

A. that a person attempts to satisfy the more basic needs before directing behavior toward satisfying upper-level needs B. lower-order needs must be satisfied before a higher-order need such as self-actualization begins to direct a person's behavior C. a satisfied need ceases to motivate

Research has indicated that High n Ach persons prefer: _______________.

A. to avoid easy performance goals B. to avoid difficult performance goals

Procedural justice refers to the perceived equity or fairness of the organization's processes and procedures used to make resource and allocation decisions.

True

The frustration-regression process is associated with the _______________ theory of motivation.

ERG

_____________ theory implies that individuals are motivated to engage in behavior to satisfy one of the three sets of needs.

ERG

Applying the terms of the expectancy theory of motivation, instrumentality refers to a person's perception of how first-level outcomes are associated with second-level outcomes.

True

Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation presents a view that job satisfaction results from the presence of extrinsic motivators.

True

John perceives that he works harder than but gets paid less than his coworkers. According to equity theory, John will most likely quit his job.

True

Maslow states that there is a frustration-regression process at work that plays a major role in motivating people.

True

McClelland's Learned Needs theory focuses on: the need for achievement (n Ach), the need for affiliation (n Aff), and the need for power (n Pow).

True

Needs may be physiological, psychological or sociological.

True

None of the four content theories presented in the text can or should be used by managers as the sole basis for explaining or inferring motivation.

True

One apparent weakness of Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation is that its findings haven't been replicated by other researchers.

True

Process explanations of motivation suggest that motivation varies from situation to situation.

True

Herzberg's original research on the two-factor theory was based upon _________.

a group of 200 accountants and engineers

Maslow's theory assumes _______________.

a person only progresses up the need hierarchy once his lower-level needs have been effectively met

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is _______________.

a projective test

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory the _________.

absence of satisfiers doesn't prove highly dissatisfying

Locke presents that if employees are in a state of positive inequity, i.e. overpaid, they are likely to _______________.

adjust their idea of what constitutes an equitable payment to justify their pay

According to Alderfer's ERG theory if a subordinate's higher-order needs (e.g., growth) are being blocked, then it's in the manager's best interest to _______________.

attempt to redirect the subordinate's efforts toward relatedness or existence needs

Jeff senses an inequity and has decided to ask his boss for more time off. He is trying to ____________________.

change the outcome

Process theories of motivation _______________.

describe and analyze how behavior is energized, directed, sustained, and stopped by factors primarily external to the person

Components of organizational justice include _______________.

distributive justice

Joe believes that his department has not been allocated a fair portion of the organization's research budget. This may be considered a perception of low _______________.

distributive justice

Pat has decreased her work output because she believes that others are getting paid the same amount for doing less. This may be an example of the ________ theory of motivation.

equity