Micro 270- Ch 13 and Ch 14 Concepts

Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry?

Circulatory system

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for clotting the blood or plasma?

Coagulase

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the fibers in connective tissue?

Collagenase

Which microbes produce a capsule or slime to physically prevent phagocytosis?

Cryptococcus neoformans Salmonella typhi Streptococcus pneumoniae

Which of the following is NOT a means by which pathogens enter the skin?

Diffusion across the stratum corneum

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of exotoxins on target cells?

Digesting the principle fibers of connective tissue

Pathogens enter the skin through which means?

Digestive enzymes creating passage Breaks in the skin Bites of other organisms

Exoenzymes play which of the following main roles in the disease process?

Dissolve the host defensive barriers Inflict damage on tissue

Which factor does NOT make the human body a favorable environment for many different microbes?

Dryness

Which of the following is NOT a main role for exoenzymes in the disease process?

Increase the amount of systemic inflammation

What is the minimum number of microbes that must enter the body to cause infection?

Infectious dose

Which general area of the body does NOT support resident biota?

Internal body fluids

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the protein in the outermost skin cells?

Keratinase

Which of the following microbes can be engulfed by phagocytes but are able to survive further destruction?

Legionella pneumophila Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Which of the following terms is used to describe the inside chamber of a structure (e.g., inside the small intestine or inside the endoplasmic reticulum)?

Lumen

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the protective coating on mucous membranes?

Mucinase

Which body sites usually do NOT have a resident microbial population?

Muscles Inner ear canal

Which of the following are flora of the respiratory tract?

Neisseria species Haemophilus Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus species

When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters the body, it is likely to first encounter which type of host defense?

Phagocytes

The route a pathogen uses to get into the human host is called the of .

Portal Entry

Microorganisms that survive the body's defenses and become permanently established in or on the body are called microbes.

Resident

Evidence that viruses can be normal residents of the human body comes from the Human Genome Project showing that 8-10% of DNA in human cells consists of sequences from endogenous .

Retroviruses

Which of the following pathogens compose the acronym for STORCH?

Rubella Syphilis Cytomegalovirus Toxoplasmosis

A pathogen can directly damage its host by

Secretion of toxins Secretion of exoenzymes

The main portals of entry include ______.

Skin Gastrointestinal tract Urogenital tract Respiratory tract

Some microbes secrete a or that makes it physically difficult for a phagocyte to engulf them.

Slime Capsule

Which are considered typical residents of the urethra?

Staphylococcus Nonhemolytic streptococci Corynebacterium

What factors make the human body a favorable environment for a wide range of microbes?

Surface area Temperature Moisture Source of nourishment

The human body usually supports resident biota in which of the following areas?

Tissues with contact to outside Body fluids in exposed body cavities

______ are diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms.

Toxinoses

Which term is NOT used to refer to the normal microbes that inhabit the human body and usually do not cause disease?

Transient biota

Microbes that do not colonize the human host, but instead are lost rapidly are referred to as .

Transient or transients

Bacterial kinases dissolve fibrin clots.

True

Lactobacillus is a common bacterial resident of the female vagina.

True

True or false: A portal of entry is the route a pathogen uses to get into the human host.

True

True or false: A substance formed by some pathogens that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes is known as a leukocidin.

True

Of the following, the two that are most likely examples of endogenous infections are ______ and ______.

a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin

Pathogenicity is ______.

a broad concept that describes an organism's ability to cause disease

The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors is called ______.

adhesion

refers to the process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors.

adhesion

Since 8-10% of the DNA in human cells consists of sequences from endogenous retroviruses, this demonstrates that viruses

can be normal residents of the human body.

The exoenzyme that digests the collagen fibers in connective tissue is called .

collagenase

Streptokinase and staphylokinase

dissolve fibrin clots.

The placenta is a(n) ________ barrier against most microorganisms in the maternal circulation

effective

An infectious agent that already exists on or in the human body is referred to as a(n) ______ agent.

endogenous

A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called a(n) ______.

endotoxin

The ________ layer of the skin is continually sloughed off and replaced.

epidermis

A(n) is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues.

exoenzyme

Extracellular enzymes utilized by microbes to dissolve host's defense barriers and promote the spread to deeper tissues are ________.

exoenzymes

Which are categories of virulence factors?

exoenzymes toxins antiphagocytic effects

An infectious agent that originates from outside of the body is called ______.

exogenous

An infectious agent that originates from outside the body, such as from the environment or another organism, is referred to as .

exogenous

A toxin (usually a protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n) ________.

exotoxin

An enzyme that digests hyaluronic acid, which is the "glue" that holds host cells together, is called_________

hyaluronidase

The gastrointestinal tract is the portal of entry for pathogens contained in ______ substances.

ingested

Ingestion of a bacterial toxin causes a toxinosis known as ________.

intoxication

A toxinosis caused by the ingestion of toxins is called .

intoxications

The exoenzyme that digests the main protein component in skin and hair is called .

keratinase

Species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus produce , substances that are toxic to white blood cells, including phagocytes.

leukocidins

The internal cavity of any structure is generally referred to as the . Examples could include: the chamber inside of the small intestine or inside the endoplasmic reticulum.

lumen

The human is the collective total of genetic material from all the normal resident microbiota that can live in or on the body.

microbiome

The exoenzyme that digests the mucous coating on mucous membranes is called .

mucinase

The normal bacterial inhabitants of the human body can be referred to as:

normal flora normal microbiota resident microbiota indigenous microflora commensals

The human microbiome is the collective total of all DNA sequences from the ______.

normal resident microbiota

The first microbes to colonize the upper respiratory tract are streptococci.

oral

is a broad concept that describes an organism's potential to cause infection or disease.

pathogenicity

A category of white blood cells called are most likely to be the first defense encountered upon entering the host by a microbe that is not part of the normal biota.

phagocytes

White blood cells capable of engulfing other cells and particles are generally referred to as ______.

phagocytes

are white blood cells that are capable of engulfing pathogens and cellular debris.

phagocytes

Ordinarily, the is an effective barrier against microbes in maternal circulation to the developing fetus.

placenta

The Human Microbiome Project uses metagenomic technology to analyze the genomes of normal microbiota.

resident

Microbes that become permanently established on the human body are known as ________.

residents

The largest number of pathogens enter the body through the tract.

respiratory

The portal of entry for the largest number of pathogens is the ______.

respiratory tract

A disease that is transferred from person to person by sexual or intimate contact is referred to as a(n) infection.

sexually transmitted

The outer layer of the and scalp is constantly being shed to the environment.

skin

is an acronym for the unified cluster of common fetal and neonatal infections that medical personnel must monitor.

storch

Some microbes have adapted to inside phagocytes after ingestion.

survival

Spread of a toxin from the site of infection through the blood is ________.

toxemia

is a type of toxinosis in which a toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection.

toxemias

The genetically-controlled characteristic that gives an organism the ability to produce toxins is referred to as ______.

toxigenicity

is defined as the ability of an organism to produce toxins.

toxigenicity

A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that has a poisonous effect on other organisms is a(n) ________.

toxin

A(n) is a product of an organism that is poisonous to other organisms.

toxin

Diseases that are caused by toxins produced by other organisms are generally called .

toxinoses

A pathogen can directly damage its host by secreting or .

toxins exoenzymes

Microbes that occupy the human body for only short periods are called ________.

transients

The ______ tract is the portal of entry for pathogens that are transmitted through sexual contact.

urogenital

The portal of entry for pathogens that are transmitted through sexual contact is the tract.

urogenital

A(n) is a property of a microbe that improves their invasiveness or ability to evade host defenses in order to cause disease.

virulence factor

Any characteristic or structure of a pathogen that allows it to establish itself in a host or cause damage to the host is referred to as a(n) ______.

virulence factor

Virulence factors fall into three categories: effects, , and (which can lead to toxemia).

Antiphagocytic Exoenzymes Toxins

Starting in 2013, an outbreak caused by a filovirus called virus quickly became an epidemic.

Ebola

An infection characterized by high fever and severe gastrointestinal symptoms followed by rapid death, first observed in 2013, was caused by the

Ebola virus.

The infectious dose is the of microbes required for an infection to proceed.

Estimated Number

Which locations are well-established sites harboring resident microbiota?

External ear canal Various parts of gastrointestinal tract External genitals Upper respiratory tract

True or false: A disease that is transmitted by sexual or intimate contact is referred to as a nosocomial disease.

False

Gastrointestinal pathogens enter via , , and other ingested substances.

Food Drink

An effort to analyze the genomes of microbial residents that identified 10,000 different species populating the body is called the

Human Microbiome Project.

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for digesting the "cement" that holds host cells together?

Hyaluronidase