Micro - Ch. 18

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines? They often produce a more complete type of immunity that includes both humoral and cell-mediated components. They are usually highly effective. They are usually safer than other types of vaccines. They often do not require boosters.

They are usually safer than other types of vaccines.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of live attenuated vaccine agents? They require few or no booster immunizations. They elicit lifelong immunity. They stimulate by cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. The immune response generated by the vaccine closely mimics a real infection. They occasionally revert to virulent forms.

They occasionally revert to virulent forms.

What does a vaccine contain? Live active pathogens T cells against a pathogen B cells against a pathogen Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen

Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen

What is an adjuvant? a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines a molecule physically linked to another molecule to stimulate antibody production a vaccine that contains only nucleic acids a chemical additive that increases the safety of vaccines

a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines

Patient's serum, influenza virus, and red blood cells are mixed in a tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus? hemolysis complement fixation hemagglutination-inhibition hemagglutination agglutination

hemagglutination-inhibition

The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n) inactivated killed vaccine. toxoid vaccine. conjugated vaccine. DNA vaccine.

inactivated killed vaccine.

A DNA plasmid encoding a protein antigen from West Nile virus is injected into muscle cells of a horse. This is an example of a(n) nucleic acid vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. subunit vaccine. conjugated vaccine. live whole-agent vaccine.

nucleic acid vaccine.

Which of the following is a basic type of vaccine? Select all that apply. nucleic acid vaccines live, attenuated vaccine subunit vaccine antitoxin vaccines

nucleic acid vaccines live, attenuated vaccine subunit vaccine

__________ reactions are used to detect antibodies for relatively large pathogens, such as bacteria. For these tests, the antigen is mixed with the test sample at various dilutions. Reaction mixes are then monitored for the formation of visible aggregates. Agglutination Precipitation ELISA Western blotting

Agglutination

What is the primary benefit of vaccination? Unvaccinated persons can never mount an immune response to a pathogen. Vaccinated persons get used to the symptoms of a disease. An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen. Vaccines provide antibodies against the pathogen that persist forever in the body.

An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.

You are conducting a viral hemagglutination inhibition test. Which of the following indicates that a patient's serum has antibodies against influenza virus? An antigen-antibody reaction will occur, resulting in precipitation. Hemagglutination does not occur in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does occur when the patient's serum is added. Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added. Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes and also occurs when the patient's serum is added.

Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added.

When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later? Memory cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Bacterial pathogens Memory B cells

Memory cytotoxic T cells

The earliest vaccinations were against smallpox. Which of the following statements about the history of smallpox vaccinations is FALSE? The earliest vaccinations were called variolations and protected people from smallpox by inoculating them with smallpox matter. Edward Jenner inoculated people with cowpox in an attempt to protect them from smallpox. Proteins from dairy cows were injected into people to protect them from smallpox. Chinese physicians prevented smallpox disease by having children inhale dried smallpox scabs.

Proteins from dairy cows were injected into people to protect them from smallpox.

The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine? Subunit vaccine Inactivated killed vaccine DNA vaccine Toxoid vaccine

Subunit vaccine

Why is it necessary to give the HPV vaccine in multiple doses? The HPV vaccine contains poorly immunogenic antigenic fragments. The HPV vaccine mimics the actual infection from HPV. The HPV vaccine does not replicate in the host. The HPV vaccine must be administered to multiple portals of entry to provide protection at each portal.

The HPV vaccine does not replicate in the host.

A patient shows the presence of antibodies against diphtheria toxin. Which of the following statements is FALSE? The patient may have been vaccinated. The patient may have had the disease and has recovered. The patient may have the disease. The patient was near someone who had the disease. A recent transfusion may have passively introduced the antibodies.

The patient was near someone who had the disease.

Blood typing tests are examples of hemagglutination reactions. True False

True

The development of vaccines is considered the single most important application of immunology. What are the benefits associated with vaccinations? Select all that apply. control of viral disease herd immunity eradication of disease protection during travels

control of viral disease herd immunity eradication of disease protection during travels

Western blotting is best used for which of the following? to detect DNA fragments with specific nucleotide sequences to detect a specific protein in a mixture to detect very low amounts of non-precipitating antibody in a sample to detect RNA fragments with specific nucleotide sequences

to detect a specific protein in a mixture

What is the purpose of conjugated vaccines? to provide protection against toxins to provide protection against viruses to enhance the immune response of children to polysaccharide antigens to provide enhanced immune response by mimicking a real infection

to enhance the immune response of children to polysaccharide antigens

To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine? attenuated whole agent vaccine toxoid vaccine inactivated whole agent vaccine subunit vaccine

toxoid vaccine

In a vaccine preparation, the term "attenuated" means that the agent does NOT replicate. True False

False

What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine? These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein. They contain the DNA from a pathogenic virus. They contain only the non-pathogenic elements of a pathogen, not the entire cell.

These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are useful? They can be produced in large quantities. They are highly specific. They are always highly sensitive. They are uniform.

They are always highly sensitive.

Kelly learns that the diagnosis of HPV may rely on the presence of viral DNA. Other infectious agents can be diagnosed based on immunologic responses. Which of the following represents an immunologic-based diagnostic test? Select all that apply. agglutination reactions precipitation reactions polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fluorescent-antibody techniques

agglutination reactions precipitation reactions fluorescent-antibody techniques

All of the following are generally used in vaccines EXCEPT antibodies. live, attenuated viruses. inactivated viruses. parts of bacterial cells. toxoids.

antibodies.

Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, elicit a(n) TC cell response. immune complex. antibody response against these bacterial toxins. antibody response against gram-positive bacteria. dendritic cell proliferation.

antibody response against these bacterial toxins.

BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guérin. This is an example of which type of vaccine? toxoid vaccine inactivated whole agent vaccine attenuated whole agent vaccine subunit vaccine

attenuated whole agent vaccine

Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine. subunit, attenuated whole agent inactivated whole agent, attenuated whole agent attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent attenuated whole agent, subunit

attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent

What type of vaccine is the live, weakened measles virus? conjugated vaccine subunit vaccine toxoid vaccine attenuated whole-agent vaccine nucleic acid vaccine

attenuated whole-agent vaccine

Direct fluorescent-antibody techniques are frequently used to __________. detect antibodies in a clinical sample detect soluble antigens via the formation of aggregates produce monoclonal antibodies detect microorganisms in a clinical sample

detect microorganisms in a clinical sample

A test used to identify Streptococcus pyogenes in a patient's throat swab is the indirect fluorescent-antibody test. indirect ELISA test. hemagglutination-inhibition test. direct fluorescent-antibody test. hemagglutination test.

direct fluorescent-antibody test.

A test used to identify antibodies against Treponema pallidum in a patient's serum is the direct fluorescent-antibody test. indirect fluorescent-antibody test. hemagglutination-inhibition test. direct agglutination test. direct ELISA test.

indirect fluorescent-antibody test.

Which of the following best describes vaccination? An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures. An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the body has an inflammatory response, which protects the individual from subsequent exposures. An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures because the body produces macrophages that live a long time and can remember the pathogen. An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the innate immune system is stimulated.

An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.

Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease? Inactivated killed vaccine Toxoid vaccine and inactivated killed vaccine Attenuated live vaccine Toxoid vaccine

Attenuated live vaccine

What is the function of boosters? Boosters are the highly antigenic portions of the conjugated vaccines. Boosters are vaccines containing no pathogenic portions of the pathogen. Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity. Boosters help to kill the pathogens used in inactivated killed vaccines.

Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.