Sociology chpt 14

What are the (first?) two cities that reached 1 million residents for a brief period?

-Changan (in China) -Baghdad (Persia)

which 4 countries have the lowest fertility rate?

-Romania -Singapore -South Korea -Taiwan

what do conflict theorists say about the increasing populations of the least industrialized nations, what could happen?

-decreased standard of living could lead to political instability -political instability from one country could spill over into another -Leaders of the most industrialized nations hand out birth control and weapons to elites to help with population control (also helps with dominance of most industrialized nations in global stratification

what are the three demographic variables?

-fertility -mortality -migration

What allows large cities to exist?

-infrastructure (efficient movement of people, resources, products, and information)

What is the conflict theory on why least industrialized nations have a higher population?

-male dominance -men control reproductive choices

what is the appeal of cities?

-offers incredible variety (music ranging from rap and salsa to death metal and classical-shops that feature imported delicacies from around the world and those that sell special foods for vegetarians and diabetics) -also offer anonymity (which so many find refreshing in light of the tighter controls of village and small-town life) -offers work

what are the motivations to migrate?

-pushes (poverty, violence, religious persecution) -pulls (opportunities for education, better jobs, freedom of religion)

What is the symbolic interactionist perspective on why least industrialized nations have a higher population?

-status of parent hood is looked high upon -community supports this view (Gemeinschaft communities) -children are economic assets

How many immigrants in U.S?

40 million (1 out of every 8 Americans)

Now, the world has about _________ cities with more than a million residents.

500 (because of industrialization)

what percent of the world lives in cites?

54%

Based off the survey in Indonesia, what age were boys and girls net income earners for their families?

9 or 10

From a conflict perspective, why do couples in poorer nations have a lot of children?

A large family is a display of male dominance.

The countries with the highest fertility rates are in __________.

Africa

When did Malthus figure out his theorem?

After analyzing Europe's population boom in the 1700's

Immigrants are from _________ than any other continent.

Asia

Two hundred years ago, the only city with more than a million in population was?

Beijing

Where does forced urbanization take place?

China (villages are shrinking by 300 a day)

What government put a limit on children the people could have and also had female infanticide?

Chinese (also caused lopsided gender ratio)

What government had a national fertility day to try increase population?

Italian (not successful)

Where do the most illegal immigrants come from? (11 million illegal immigrants in total)

Mexico (6,700,000)

Which group thinks that biofuels could contribute to world hunger?

New Malthusians

Which country has the highest fertility rate?

Nigeria

crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

Crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people

The __________ has worked to reduce birthrates in the Least Industrialized Nations.

United Nations

Metropolis

a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs (linked by transportation)

Megacity

a city of 10 million or more residents-first two were new york and tokyo (31 today, in 2030 expected to have 10 more all from least industrialized nations)

demographic transition

a four-stage historical process of change in the size of populations: first, high birth rates and high death rates; second, high birth rates and low death rates; and third, low birth rates and low death rates; fourth, shrinkage, in which deaths outnumber births

population pyramids

a graph that represents the age and sex of a population

megaregion

a merging of megacities and nearby populated areas into an even larger mass of people; endless city -120 million people, have 6 today -largest is Hong Kong-shenzhen-Guangzhou

exponential growth curve

a pattern of growth in which numbers double during approximately equal intervals, showing a steep acceleration in the later stages

city

a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food

Malthus Theorem

an observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically (from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and so on), population grows geometrically (from 2 to 4 to 8 to 16 and so forth)

Megalopolis

an urban area consisting of at least two metropolises and their many suburbs

Malthusians suggest that the world's population will

continue to grow and cause a catastrophe

New Malthusians

convinced that we are headed to a showdown between population and people

demographic free fall

decrease in fertility rates among populations that have industrialized their economies as children become an economic liability rather than an asset

As countries industrialize, the birth rate

decreases -children become more expensive -education (status changes)

Anti-Malthusians believe in

demographic transition

what is the key to the origin of cities?

development of of more efficient agriculture

Because of the size of families in the Least Industrialized Nations, the population in those countries __________.

doubles every 50 years

The New Malthusians point out the world's population is following a

exponential growth curve

what is the direction of migration?

least industrialized nations to more industrialized nations (america is number one choice)

migration

movement of people from one area to another

immigrants

moving into a country

emigrants

moving out of a country

New Malthusians are _______ while anti-Malthusians are ___________ (in terms of how they think and interpret population growth)

negative, positive

fecundity

number of children that women are capable of bearing

Why are children starving?

places lack food, not that the Earth doesn't produce enough (food is unevenly distributed)

China's former one-child policy has led to a(n) __________.

population gender gap

Mexico's age structure gives it greater

population momentum

Demographers use ___________ to examine the effects of age and gender on population growth.

population pyramids

Anti-Malthusians are worried about

population shrinkage

Anti-Malthusians suggest the world's population will __________.

stabilize on its own, with birthrates dropping

fertility rate

the average number of children a woman bears

net migration rate

the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population

basic demographic equation

the growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration

growth rate

the net change in a population after adding births, subtracting deaths, and either adding or subtracting net migration; can result in a negative number

urbanization

the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and those cities have a growing influence on the culture

Demography

the study of the size, composition, growth (or shrinkage), and distribution of human populations

zero population growth

women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population