Sociology chpt 14
What are the (first?) two cities that reached 1 million residents for a brief period?
-Changan (in China) -Baghdad (Persia)
which 4 countries have the lowest fertility rate?
-Romania -Singapore -South Korea -Taiwan
what do conflict theorists say about the increasing populations of the least industrialized nations, what could happen?
-decreased standard of living could lead to political instability -political instability from one country could spill over into another -Leaders of the most industrialized nations hand out birth control and weapons to elites to help with population control (also helps with dominance of most industrialized nations in global stratification
what are the three demographic variables?
-fertility -mortality -migration
What allows large cities to exist?
-infrastructure (efficient movement of people, resources, products, and information)
What is the conflict theory on why least industrialized nations have a higher population?
-male dominance -men control reproductive choices
what is the appeal of cities?
-offers incredible variety (music ranging from rap and salsa to death metal and classical-shops that feature imported delicacies from around the world and those that sell special foods for vegetarians and diabetics) -also offer anonymity (which so many find refreshing in light of the tighter controls of village and small-town life) -offers work
what are the motivations to migrate?
-pushes (poverty, violence, religious persecution) -pulls (opportunities for education, better jobs, freedom of religion)
What is the symbolic interactionist perspective on why least industrialized nations have a higher population?
-status of parent hood is looked high upon -community supports this view (Gemeinschaft communities) -children are economic assets
How many immigrants in U.S?
40 million (1 out of every 8 Americans)
Now, the world has about _________ cities with more than a million residents.
500 (because of industrialization)
what percent of the world lives in cites?
54%
Based off the survey in Indonesia, what age were boys and girls net income earners for their families?
9 or 10
From a conflict perspective, why do couples in poorer nations have a lot of children?
A large family is a display of male dominance.
The countries with the highest fertility rates are in __________.
Africa
When did Malthus figure out his theorem?
After analyzing Europe's population boom in the 1700's
Immigrants are from _________ than any other continent.
Asia
Two hundred years ago, the only city with more than a million in population was?
Beijing
Where does forced urbanization take place?
China (villages are shrinking by 300 a day)
What government put a limit on children the people could have and also had female infanticide?
Chinese (also caused lopsided gender ratio)
What government had a national fertility day to try increase population?
Italian (not successful)
Where do the most illegal immigrants come from? (11 million illegal immigrants in total)
Mexico (6,700,000)
Which group thinks that biofuels could contribute to world hunger?
New Malthusians
Which country has the highest fertility rate?
Nigeria
crude death rate
The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
Crude birth rate
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people
The __________ has worked to reduce birthrates in the Least Industrialized Nations.
United Nations
Metropolis
a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs (linked by transportation)
Megacity
a city of 10 million or more residents-first two were new york and tokyo (31 today, in 2030 expected to have 10 more all from least industrialized nations)
demographic transition
a four-stage historical process of change in the size of populations: first, high birth rates and high death rates; second, high birth rates and low death rates; and third, low birth rates and low death rates; fourth, shrinkage, in which deaths outnumber births
population pyramids
a graph that represents the age and sex of a population
megaregion
a merging of megacities and nearby populated areas into an even larger mass of people; endless city -120 million people, have 6 today -largest is Hong Kong-shenzhen-Guangzhou
exponential growth curve
a pattern of growth in which numbers double during approximately equal intervals, showing a steep acceleration in the later stages
city
a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food
Malthus Theorem
an observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically (from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and so on), population grows geometrically (from 2 to 4 to 8 to 16 and so forth)
Megalopolis
an urban area consisting of at least two metropolises and their many suburbs
Malthusians suggest that the world's population will
continue to grow and cause a catastrophe
New Malthusians
convinced that we are headed to a showdown between population and people
demographic free fall
decrease in fertility rates among populations that have industrialized their economies as children become an economic liability rather than an asset
As countries industrialize, the birth rate
decreases -children become more expensive -education (status changes)
Anti-Malthusians believe in
demographic transition
what is the key to the origin of cities?
development of of more efficient agriculture
Because of the size of families in the Least Industrialized Nations, the population in those countries __________.
doubles every 50 years
The New Malthusians point out the world's population is following a
exponential growth curve
what is the direction of migration?
least industrialized nations to more industrialized nations (america is number one choice)
migration
movement of people from one area to another
immigrants
moving into a country
emigrants
moving out of a country
New Malthusians are _______ while anti-Malthusians are ___________ (in terms of how they think and interpret population growth)
negative, positive
fecundity
number of children that women are capable of bearing
Why are children starving?
places lack food, not that the Earth doesn't produce enough (food is unevenly distributed)
China's former one-child policy has led to a(n) __________.
population gender gap
Mexico's age structure gives it greater
population momentum
Demographers use ___________ to examine the effects of age and gender on population growth.
population pyramids
Anti-Malthusians are worried about
population shrinkage
Anti-Malthusians suggest the world's population will __________.
stabilize on its own, with birthrates dropping
fertility rate
the average number of children a woman bears
net migration rate
the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population
basic demographic equation
the growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration
growth rate
the net change in a population after adding births, subtracting deaths, and either adding or subtracting net migration; can result in a negative number
urbanization
the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and those cities have a growing influence on the culture
Demography
the study of the size, composition, growth (or shrinkage), and distribution of human populations
zero population growth
women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population
