Micro Chapter 1
The Dutch merchant who made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and record microorganisms was
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
A scientist studying helminths is working with bacteria.
FALSE
The names of the three proposed Domains are: Bacteria, Protista, Eukarya
FALSE
Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that
a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease
Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of
bioremediation
Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element _____ bonded to other atoms.
carbon
Most biochemical macromolecules are polymers, which are
chains of repeating monomers
The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called
decomposers
A scientist studying the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA of a bacterial species is working on
determining evolutionary relatedness
Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?
mosquito
One nucleotide contains
one phosphate, one pentose sugar, one nitrogen base (All of the choices are correct)
ATP is best described as
the energy molecule of cells
The first prokaryotes appeared about ___ billion years ago.
4
You inform the patient that it is important for her to maintain a diet rich in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, so that each of these macromolecules can be metabolized to form a high-energy compound called
ATP
Which of the following is not a pyrimidine?
Adenine
When assigning a scientific name to an organism
Both genus and species names are italicized or underlined.
The scientist/s that proposed organisms be assigned to one of three domains is/are
Carl Woese and George Fox
Taxonomy does not involve
Common Name
Traditional approaches to taxonomy involved observation of visible morphological characteristics. Today, however, new molecular methods include the examination of
DNA,rRNA, protein (all of the above)
Which activity is an example of biotechnology?
Eschericia coli producing human insulin
All microorganisms are parasites.
FALSE
All proteins are enzymes.
FALSE
Nucleic acids have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of organization
FALSE
Once an organism is assigned to a particular taxonomic hierarchy, it is permanent and cannot be revised
FALSE
Water molecules are nonpolar molecules
FALSE
Aseptic techniques aim to reduce the number of microbes in medical settings, thus preventing wound infection and disease. These techniques were first introduced in a surgical setting by
Joseph Lister
The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to surgery was
Joseph Lister
Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis?
Robert Koch
Many microbes that inhabit the skin have the potential to cause disease. One such pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus. The genus name of this organism is
Staphylococcus
Which scientific name is written correctly?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following is a scientific name?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Many chronic conditions are found to be associated with microbial agents
TRUE
Members of the same species share many more characteristics compared to those shared by members of the same kingdom
TRUE
Microbes have been found existing in salty, acidic lakes
TRUE
One distinguishing characteristic of the archaebacteria is that they live in extreme environments
TRUE
The fossil record has established that prokaryotes existed on earth for approximately 2 billion years before eukaryotes appeared.
TRUE
The most important outcome of polypeptide intra-chain bonding and folding is the unique shape of the protein.
TRUE
The only part of an amino acid that differs from other amino acids is its R group.
TRUE
The term sterile means free of all life forms.
TRUE
Viruses are not classified in any of Whittaker's 5 kingdoms
TRUE
Characteristics shared by all cells include
a membrane serving as a cell boundary. the possession of genetic information. the presence of cellular fluid.(All of these choices are correct. )
An amino acid contains all of the following except
a nitrogen base
Sterile refers to
absence of any life forms and viral particles
Organisms called parasites are
always harmful to their host.
The building blocks of an enzyme are
amino acids
All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that
are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
Scientists today utilize microorganisms to breakdown toxic chemicals in our environment. The decomposition of pollutants by microbes is referred to as
bioremediation
Which of the following is not a human use of microorganisms?
breaking down chocolate
The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa is called
classification
Which pertains to DNA but not to RNA?
contains thymine
Which amino acid contains sulfur atoms that form covalent disulfide bonds in its tertiary structure?
cysteine
The structure of proteins is complex and unique, and only specific molecules can interact with their surface features. The natural shape of each protein is termed the native state. When proteins are exposed to heat, acid, or alcohol, their shape is disrupted and they become nonfunctional or
denatured.
Which area of biology states that living things undergo gradual, structural, and functional changes over long periods of time?
evolution
Select the correct descending taxonomic hierarchy (left to right)
family, genus, species
What part of a phospholipid forms hydrophobic tails?
fatty acids
When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms the process is called
genetic engineering
All of the following are monosaccharides except
glycogen
The purine___ always binds with the pyrimidine__ in DNA and RNA.
guanine, cytosine
Polar molecules
have an unequal charge distribution
Which is not true about enzymes?
have high-energy bonds between phosphates
Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?
kingdom
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?
lack cell structure
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the 4 main families of biological molecules referred to as
macromolecules.
During protein synthesis, ____ RNA is made to be a copy of a gene from the DNA.
messenger
Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed
microorganisms
A student forgot to label a beaker containing a DNA solution and a beaker containing a glucose solution. If chemical analysis was performed to identify the contents of each beaker, which of the following would be found in the beaker of DNA but not in the beaker with glucose?
nitrogen and phosphorus
Viruses may also be carried from patient to patient transmitting disease, even though they differ from bacteria in that they are
noncellular particles.
Purines and pyrimidines are components in the building block units of all
nucleic acids
Helminths are
parasitic worms
Disease-causing microorganisms are called
pathogens
What type of bonds are formed between adjacent amino acids?
peptid
Which of the following functional groups is mismatched to the organic compound?
phosphate-carbohydrates
The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the
phospholipids
The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called
phylogeny
Which of the following would have glycosidic bonds?
polysaccharides
Microorganisms have inhabited the Earth for billions of years, and can be found inhabiting a variety of environments. In fact, microbes performing oxygenic photosynthesis led to the oxygenation of early Earth's atmosphere. These ancient organisms were
prokaryotes
The microorganisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called
prokaryotes
All of the following are polysaccharides except
prostaglandins in inflammation
Scientists use microbes to produce drugs, hormones, and enzymes. This type of biotechnology involves the transfer of foreign genetic material into a microbe, a process called
recombinant DNA technology
The number one worldwide infectious diseases are
respiratory diseases
A fat is called _____ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens.
saturated
The alpha helix is a type of _____ protein structure.
secondary
The smallest and most significant taxon is
species
Louis Pasteur hypothesized that microbes were in the air and dust. Through experiments using swan-necked flasks, he disproved the concept of
spontaneous generation
All of the following are lipids except
starch
Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms?
taxonomy
The lipid group that serves as energy storage molecules is
triglycerides
Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering?
viruses
The important solvent associated with living things is
water