Micro Chapter 1

The Dutch merchant who made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and record microorganisms was

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A scientist studying helminths is working with bacteria.

FALSE

The names of the three proposed Domains are: Bacteria, Protista, Eukarya

FALSE

Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that

a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease

Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of

bioremediation

Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element _____ bonded to other atoms.

carbon

Most biochemical macromolecules are polymers, which are

chains of repeating monomers

The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called

decomposers

A scientist studying the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA of a bacterial species is working on

determining evolutionary relatedness

Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?

mosquito

One nucleotide contains

one phosphate, one pentose sugar, one nitrogen base (All of the choices are correct)

ATP is best described as

the energy molecule of cells

The first prokaryotes appeared about ___ billion years ago.

4

You inform the patient that it is important for her to maintain a diet rich in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, so that each of these macromolecules can be metabolized to form a high-energy compound called

ATP

Which of the following is not a pyrimidine?

Adenine

When assigning a scientific name to an organism

Both genus and species names are italicized or underlined.

The scientist/s that proposed organisms be assigned to one of three domains is/are

Carl Woese and George Fox

Taxonomy does not involve

Common Name

Traditional approaches to taxonomy involved observation of visible morphological characteristics. Today, however, new molecular methods include the examination of

DNA,rRNA, protein (all of the above)

Which activity is an example of biotechnology?

Eschericia coli producing human insulin

All microorganisms are parasites.

FALSE

All proteins are enzymes.

FALSE

Nucleic acids have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of organization

FALSE

Once an organism is assigned to a particular taxonomic hierarchy, it is permanent and cannot be revised

FALSE

Water molecules are nonpolar molecules

FALSE

Aseptic techniques aim to reduce the number of microbes in medical settings, thus preventing wound infection and disease. These techniques were first introduced in a surgical setting by

Joseph Lister

The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to surgery was

Joseph Lister

Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis?

Robert Koch

Many microbes that inhabit the skin have the potential to cause disease. One such pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus. The genus name of this organism is

Staphylococcus

Which scientific name is written correctly?

Staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following is a scientific name?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Many chronic conditions are found to be associated with microbial agents

TRUE

Members of the same species share many more characteristics compared to those shared by members of the same kingdom

TRUE

Microbes have been found existing in salty, acidic lakes

TRUE

One distinguishing characteristic of the archaebacteria is that they live in extreme environments

TRUE

The fossil record has established that prokaryotes existed on earth for approximately 2 billion years before eukaryotes appeared.

TRUE

The most important outcome of polypeptide intra-chain bonding and folding is the unique shape of the protein.

TRUE

The only part of an amino acid that differs from other amino acids is its R group.

TRUE

The term sterile means free of all life forms.

TRUE

Viruses are not classified in any of Whittaker's 5 kingdoms

TRUE

Characteristics shared by all cells include

a membrane serving as a cell boundary. the possession of genetic information. the presence of cellular fluid.(All of these choices are correct. )

An amino acid contains all of the following except

a nitrogen base

Sterile refers to

absence of any life forms and viral particles

Organisms called parasites are

always harmful to their host.

The building blocks of an enzyme are

amino acids

All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that

are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

Scientists today utilize microorganisms to breakdown toxic chemicals in our environment. The decomposition of pollutants by microbes is referred to as

bioremediation

Which of the following is not a human use of microorganisms?

breaking down chocolate

The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa is called

classification

Which pertains to DNA but not to RNA?

contains thymine

Which amino acid contains sulfur atoms that form covalent disulfide bonds in its tertiary structure?

cysteine

The structure of proteins is complex and unique, and only specific molecules can interact with their surface features. The natural shape of each protein is termed the native state. When proteins are exposed to heat, acid, or alcohol, their shape is disrupted and they become nonfunctional or

denatured.

Which area of biology states that living things undergo gradual, structural, and functional changes over long periods of time?

evolution

Select the correct descending taxonomic hierarchy (left to right)

family, genus, species

What part of a phospholipid forms hydrophobic tails?

fatty acids

When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms the process is called

genetic engineering

All of the following are monosaccharides except

glycogen

The purine___ always binds with the pyrimidine__ in DNA and RNA.

guanine, cytosine

Polar molecules

have an unequal charge distribution

Which is not true about enzymes?

have high-energy bonds between phosphates

Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?

kingdom

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?

lack cell structure

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the 4 main families of biological molecules referred to as

macromolecules.

During protein synthesis, ____ RNA is made to be a copy of a gene from the DNA.

messenger

Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed

microorganisms

A student forgot to label a beaker containing a DNA solution and a beaker containing a glucose solution. If chemical analysis was performed to identify the contents of each beaker, which of the following would be found in the beaker of DNA but not in the beaker with glucose?

nitrogen and phosphorus

Viruses may also be carried from patient to patient transmitting disease, even though they differ from bacteria in that they are

noncellular particles.

Purines and pyrimidines are components in the building block units of all

nucleic acids

Helminths are

parasitic worms

Disease-causing microorganisms are called

pathogens

What type of bonds are formed between adjacent amino acids?

peptid

Which of the following functional groups is mismatched to the organic compound?

phosphate-carbohydrates

The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the

phospholipids

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called

phylogeny

Which of the following would have glycosidic bonds?

polysaccharides

Microorganisms have inhabited the Earth for billions of years, and can be found inhabiting a variety of environments. In fact, microbes performing oxygenic photosynthesis led to the oxygenation of early Earth's atmosphere. These ancient organisms were

prokaryotes

The microorganisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called

prokaryotes

All of the following are polysaccharides except

prostaglandins in inflammation

Scientists use microbes to produce drugs, hormones, and enzymes. This type of biotechnology involves the transfer of foreign genetic material into a microbe, a process called

recombinant DNA technology

The number one worldwide infectious diseases are

respiratory diseases

A fat is called _____ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens.

saturated

The alpha helix is a type of _____ protein structure.

secondary

The smallest and most significant taxon is

species

Louis Pasteur hypothesized that microbes were in the air and dust. Through experiments using swan-necked flasks, he disproved the concept of

spontaneous generation

All of the following are lipids except

starch

Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms?

taxonomy

The lipid group that serves as energy storage molecules is

triglycerides

Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering?

viruses

The important solvent associated with living things is

water