MICRO Chapter 1: Learnsmart

Major groups of microbes include

-Bacteria -Fungi -Viruses -Protozoa -Algae -Archaea -Helminths

Which of the following describe fungi?

-Eukaryotic -Unicellular or multi-cellular -Heterotrophic

The major types of microorganisms include:

-Fungi -Bacteria -Algae -Protozoa -Viruses

Microbiology includes the study of microscopic organisms or agents, including

-Helminths -Viruses -Protozoa -Bacteria -Archaea -Fungi

Which of the following are major branches of study in microbiology?

-Mycology -Bacteriology -Virology

A good hypothesis must be

Able to be supported and rejected by experimentation

___ are photosynthetic single-celled or multicellular organisms often found in aquatic environments

Algae

All members of the Kingdom Monera in the Whittaker system became a part of either the ____ domain or the Bacteria domain in the Woese-Fox system

Archaea

Which of the following could be considered nomenclature?

Assigning a name to a new isolate of Salmonella based on its geography (Salmonella arizona)

Which of the following microorganisms represent prokaryotic cell types?

Bacteria

___ are small, single-celled prokaryotic organisms

Bacteria

What are prokaryotic organisms?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which of the following is the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships and history?

Classification

Taxonomy involves _____ and _____ living things.

Classifying and naming

In the Woese-Fox system of classification, the most general category to which an organism is assigned is the

Domain

Eukaryotic organisms are

Either unicellular or multicellular

A(n) ___ disease such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is a newly infectious disease that is becoming more prominent.

Emerging

Microbiology has a large range of disciplines; _____ (public health microbiology) involves the monitoring and control of the spread of disease through communities, whereas _____ involves any process in which humans use the metabolism of organism to arrive at a desired product.

Epidemiology; Biotechnology

In the Woese-Fox system, Domain ___ includes plants, animals, fungi, and protozoa.

Eukarya

What are the three domains of the Woese-Fox system of classification?

Eukarya Bacteria Archaea

Which type of organism can derive all of the nutrients and factors it requires in order to reproduce from the environment?

Free-living organism

___ are heterotrophic unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.

Fungi

Which two of the following groups of organisms arguably play the greatest role in biological decomposition?

Fungi and bacteria

Yeasts are members of Kingdom ___ and Domain ___

Fungi; Eukarya

What technology involves the deliberate modification of the genetic structures of an organism to create novel products?

Genetic Engieering

For the organism Escherichia coli, Escherichia represents the _____ level of classification.

Genus

The term ___ refers to a parasitic invertebrate such as a worm

Helminth

A protozoan lives and reproduces inside of a human red blood cell. In this case, the human is an example of a(n)

Host

A(n) ___ is a tentative explanation of an observation

Hypothesis

Use of a laboratory test to determine the fermentation capabilities of a microbial species is part of the process known as the ___ pf a certain bacterial species.

Identification

___ diseases, caused by microorganisms, are among the most common cause of death in much of the world's population.

Infectious

All members of a family are classified in the same

Kingdom

In the Whittaker system, organisms are divided into one of five

Kingdom

Who developed a series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could be used to determine which organisms cause which disease?

Koch

The germ theory of disease has been so thoroughly tested that it has become a ___ or principle.

Law

Joseph ___ first promoted the use of disinfecting agents during surgery.

Lister

When organisms are visible to the naked eye, they are called

Macroscopic

The unit of measurement for most bacterial cells is ___ and most viruses is ___

Micrometers; Nanometers

Microbes and ___ are terms that can be used interchangeably

Microorganisms

The germ theory of disease stated that

Microorganisms could cause infection and disease

The development of the ___ established the science of microbiology by providing a means by which microorganisms could be viewed

Microscope

Organisms that are only visible with the aid of a microscope are

Microscopic

A prokaryotic microbe would be placed in which of the following kingdoms using the Whittaker system?

Monera

Under Whittaker's system of classification, the bacterium Streptococcus was classified in the kingdom?

Monera

Describing the shape of cells and their arrangement would be part of

Morphology

Microorganisms

Must be visualized using a microscope

Microbiology has many branches of study, including _____ which is the detailed study of fungi

Mycology

The principle of evolution states that living things can change gradually over time through

Natural Selection

A microbial pathogen is considered a(n) ___ because it derives benefits from its host and harms the host in the process.

Parasite

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as

Pathogens

Microorganisms account for about 50% of the earth's ___, which is the process that converts light energy from the sun into organic molecules for food.

Photosynthesis

Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from carbon dioxide and water?

Photosynthesis

Koch's four _____ are a series of proofs that establish whether an organism is pathogenic and which disease it causes.

Postulates

A cellular microorganism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and most membrane-bound organelles and divides into binary fission is correctly termed a

Prokaryote

A(n) ___ cell will not contain organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus.

Prokaryotic

Green algae is classified in the Kingd.om

Protista

___ are the group of single-celled organisms that lack a cell wall

Protozoa

_____ DNA technology is used to switch genetic material from one organism to another in order to produce desirable proteins.

Recombinant

A disease that has been known for hundreds of years and that is increasing in occurrence is known as a(n) ___ disease.

Reemerging

Tuberculosis, influenza, and malaria are older diseases that have been known for a long time, but they are now increasing in occurrence; diseases with patterns of occurrence are specifically referred to as ___ diseases.

Reemerging

The appropriate binomial abbreviation of Staphylococcus aureus is

S. aureus

Which is true regarding scientific names?

Scientific names must be italicized in printed documents.

Dr. Ignaz ___ promoted hand washing before Lister introduced disinfection during surgery.

Semmelweis

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the _____ level of classification.

Species

In both classification systems, the ___ is the most specific level of organization and is immediately under the genus.

Species

Which is correct regarding the capitalization of the organisms name?

Staphylococcus aureus

A ___ environment is free of actively growing cells, microorganisms, viruses, or endospores.

Sterile

A scientific ___ is a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts developed through experimentation that explain or account for a natural event.

Theory

Agricultural production is a division of microbiology.

True

Microorganisms are found in all natural habitats as well as most artificial habitats created by humans

True

Which of the following is NOT a term used to describe microscopic organisms?

Vertebrates

Which microbial agent is not classified under the Whittaker or Woese systems?

Virus

_____ are not cellular (acellular) and are composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

Viruses

Which microbe(s) have a true nucleus?

Yeast and Protists

As recently as the late 1800s, doctors did not practice ___ techniques in surgical settings.

aseptic

In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek developed a large collection of single-lens

microscopes

Which type of organism possesses a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and undergoes mitotic cell division?

Eukaryote

Generally, _____ microbes are larger than prokaryotic microbes.

Eukaryotic

Staphylococcus aureus is the correct way to write this organism's binomial name when used in the scientific journal article.

False; it should be in italics or underlined

Which is the most inclusive (in regards to the number of different organisms) level of classification in the Whittaker system?

Kingdom

List these levels in the hierarchy of classification from most general to most specific.

Kingdom Class Family Genus Species

Put these levels of classification in order from general to most specific

Kingdom Genus Species

The process of assigning the names to various taxonomic rankings of a microbial species is known as

Nomenclature

A(n) ___ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of a eukaryotic cell

Organelle

Which of the following are contributions made by Koch to the development of microbiology?

-Identification of the agent responsible for anthrax -Establishment of a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease -Establishment of techniques for the growing of microorganisms in a culture

Which were the five kingdoms in the earlier Whittaker system of classification?

-Protista -Fungi (Myceteae) -Plantae -Animalia -Monera

Starting with the largest and going to the smallest, put these in order by size.

-Protozoans -Reproductive structures of mold -Bacteria -Viruses

Which of the following are prokaryotic microbes?

-S. aureus -Archaea -Bacteria

Which of the following is true about prokaryotic microorganisms?

-They lack cellular organelles -They are smaller than eukaryotic cells

In the ___ system of nomenclature, organisms are assigned and identified by a two-word name representing the genus and species

Binomial

___ is the specific process by which microbes carry out the decomposition of harmful chemicals.

Bioremediation

Before a hypothesis may be tested using the _____ approach of the scientific method, events that will happen must be predicted by the scientist.

Deductive

Fungi, protozoans, and helminths are all composed of _____ cells, whereas bacteria and archaea are composed of _____ cells.

Eukaryotic; Prokaryotic

A free-living organism is the same thing as a parasite

False

According to evolutionary theory, the environment changes the genes of an individual organism to help it adapt.

False

The scientific method takes into account preconceived ideas such as religion or superstition, of the scientist

False

Which of the following are criteria used by the Whittaker system to classify organisms?

-Nutritional type -Body organization -Cell structure -Cell type

Bacteria, such as Staphylococcus, belong to the Domain

Bacteria

All ___ are microorganisms but not all ___ are microorganisms

Bacteria; Eukaryotes