micro chapter 11 study

Inflammation= on fire

- acute inflammatory response: occurring and ending quickly -chronic inflammatory response: occurring and ending slowly

Which of the following statements accurately describes innate immunity?

-Innate immunity has an immediate response to antigens. -Innate immunity has the capacity to distinguish foreign versus self. Features: -stimulation of adaptive immunity -discrimination between self and foreign -killing of identified invaders

not phagocytic

-basophites -b-cells -t-cells -natural killer cells -leukocytosis: increased white blood cell count -leukopenia: decreased white blood cell count, differential white blood cell count

Second line defense (lymphatic system ) cellular and molecular

-lymphatic system: functions to collect, filter and circulate interstitial fluid -plasma in the blood enter capillaries to become interstitial fluid Blood: plasma. between tissues: interstitial fluid lymph vessels: lymph lymph o plasma via heart

What is the primary function of interleukins?

Activation of the innate and adaptive immune response

A response that is uniquely directed against pathogenic Bordetella pertussis would involve what component?

Antibodies

Which of the following is able to destroy a wide spectrum of viruses, parasites, bacteria, and fungi?

Antimicrobial peptides

The three main pathways for complement activation all have the same general outcomes. Which of the following would not be an outcome?

Apoptosis

Which of the following describes chronic inflammation?

Associated with Alzheimer's disease Promotes atherosclerosis Leads to certain cancers

pyrogenic materials

Bacterial exotoxins Certain drugs Bacterial endotoxins

Benadryl (diphenhydramine) is an anti-histamine that can be used to treat atopic, allergic reactions. Which of the following statements best describes how this drug affects the inflammatory response?

Benadryl directly blocks the action of vasoactive molecules, leading to a decreased inflammatory response.

Which of the following best describes eosinophils?

Bi-lobed nucleus; moderately phagocytic; attack allergens and parasites

Which of the following is not one of the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

Bleeding

There are three common features shared by the innate and adaptive immune responses.

Both recognize diverse pathogens. Both eliminate identified invaders. Both discriminate between self and foreign antigens.

Which of the following describes the function of lysozyme?

Breaks down bacterial cell walls

Question 8:Often women develop a vaginal yeast infection after antibiotic therapy causes a reduction in lactobacilli levels, changing the pH, and leading to an overgrowth of __________ .

Candida albicans

MCP-1 is a cytokine which induces monocytes migration and infiltration. This protein is an example of which type of cytokine?

Chemokine

Question 4:Which of the following best describes mast cells?

Circular nucleus; resides in tissues; attack bacteria, allergens, and parasites right answer feedback:

__________ are second-line molecular defenses that assist cells in communicating with each other.

Cytokines

goals of inflammation

Deliver oxygen, nutrients, and chemical factors essential for tissue recovery Recruitment of immune defenses to the injured tissue Limit the spread of infectious agents

Your patient is suffering from a parasitic infection. Which of the following cells would most likely be elevated?

Eosinophils

Which of the following is a physical barrier?

Epidermis of the skin

While all effects of fever are not entirely understood, some studies have suggested various reasons as to why especially low-grade fevers may be beneficial. Which of the following would not be a function of fever?

Fever works by limiting the production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus

A histiocyte is an agranulocyte that is exclusively present in connective tissue. Which of the following terms best describes a histiocyte?

Fixed macrophage

innate immunity

Generalized response Found in all eukaryotes Inborn protection

Which of the following most accurately describes fixed macrophages?

Highly phagocytic cells that destroy a wide range of pathogens and reside in specific tissues

Which of the following most accurately describes wandering macrophages?

Highly phagocytic cells that destroy a wide range of pathogens and roam through tissues

Which of the following chemical mediators of inflammation is primarily released by mast cells?

Histamine

Which of the following statements is true concerning the alternative complement cascade?

In the alternative complement cascade, complement proteins directly interact with the invading agent.

_________ play a role in hematopoiesis.

Interleukins

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about iron-binding proteins?

Iron-binding proteins are also referred to as "siderophores."

chemical mediators of inflammation are vasoactive?

Kinins Eicosanoids Histamines

Which of the following most accurately describes monocytes?

Largest agranular leukocyte; horseshoe-shaped nucleus; account for 10% of circulating leukocytes

Which of the following best describes basophils?

Less than 1% of the leukocyte population; bi-lobed nucleus; attack allergens and parasites

Which of the following is one of the categories of the second-line defenses?

Leukocytes

Which of the following is part of the second line of defense?

Leukocytes Molecular factors such as chemokines

physical barrier functions of the skin?

Lipids provide water resistance. Compacted dead skin cells. Keratin provides water resistance.

First line of defense ex

Lysozyme in tears Mucous membranes Antimicrobial peptides

contains lysozyme?

Mucus Saliva Tears

mechanical barriers

Mucus membranes trapping bacteria in the nose. Urine flushing pathogens out of the bladder. Tears washing pathogens from the eye.

Which of the following describes neutrophils?

Multi-lobed nucleus; highly phagocytic; attack bacterial and viral invaders

Which of the following lymphocytes is involved with innate immune protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells?

Natural killer cells

Which of the following statements concerning natural killer cells is true?

Natural killer cells provide protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumors.

Which of the following leukocytes are the most numerous in human blood?

Neutrophils

In which of the following scenarios would you expect lysozyme to be an effective chemical barrier?

Preventing the entry of Haemophilus aegyptius, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, into the conjunctiva

Second-line molecular defenses fulfill which of the following immunological roles?

Recruit leukocytes to site of infection Stimulate fever Stimulate inflammation

What is the primary function of chemokines?

Recruitment of white blood cells to the area of infection

Which of the following most accurately describes dendritic cells?

Ruffled membrane with long cytoplasmic extensions; highly phagocytic; and activate the adaptive immune response

Which of the following statements concerning second-line molecular defenses is true?

Second-line molecular defenses are produced by leukocytes.

What is the primary function of interferons?

Signaling molecules that send an alarm when pathogens or tumor cells are detected

Question 8:What is the primary function of tumor necrosis factor?

Stimulate inflammation and kill tumor cells

Which of the following molecular second-line defenses is common to cytokines, iron-binding proteins, and complement proteins?

Stimulation of inflammation

Your patient is born without a thymus. This inherited, chromosomal deletion would affect the patient in which of the following ways?

The patient would not produce mature T lymphocytes.

Which of the following is a feature true for the adaptive immune response only?

The response is tailored to a specific antigen.

First line defenses have what aspect in common with each other?

They are physical barriers against invading pathogens.

Main goals of inflammation

To recruit immune defenses to the injured tissue To limit the spread of infectious agents To deliver oxygen, nutrients, and chemical factors essential for tissue recovery

describe a positive mechanism by which normal microbiota assists the immune system?

Tolerating non-pathogens Tolerating food Fine-tuning the immune response

a role of normal microbiota in the human body?

Training the immune response Inducing the immune response Calibrating the immune response

Inflammation occurs in three general phases. Which phase is the first to occur after tissue injury? Mast cells are the key players in which phase of inflammation?

Vascular changes phase

If a new bacterial pathogen entered a human body through an accidental needle stick, the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen would likely be

a phagocyte.

B cells and T cells are lymphocytes involved in __________.

adaptive immunity

The ___________ complement pathway is triggered when antigens directly bind to a complement protein.

alternative

The complement system consists of over 30 different proteins that work together in a cascade fashion to protect us against infectious agents. One way this system is activated is via the ____________, when complement proteins are activated by directly interacting with pathogen.

alternative pathway

In the classical pathway of complement activation, complement proteins are activated when __________ bind to a pathogen

antibodies

Defensins are a type of a(n) _________ that insert themselves into microbial cell membranes.

antimicrobial peptide

Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier?

antimicrobial peptides

chemical barrier against pathogens

antimicrobial peptides lysozyme defensins

What are the two categories of second-line defenses?

assorted molecular factors and leukocytes

T-cell precursors are made in the __________ and mature in the __________.

bone marrow; thymus

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is able to overcome the iron-sequestering function of iron-binding proteins by:

breaking down iron-binding proteins to release iron.

Group A streptococci are able to overcome the iron-sequestering function of iron-binding proteins by:

breaking down red blood cells to access the iron from hemoglobin.

Strong acids in the stomach are an example of a __________ barrier of the first-line defenses.

chemical

Chemicals that stimulate the migration of leukocytes are known as

chemokins

Primary Lymphoid tissue

consists of bone marrow and thymus -bone marrow functions to make white blood cells -if the mature in bone marrow (b-cells) -if matured in thymus called T-cells

Second line defenses cont. (cellular defenses)

consists of formed elements found in the blood= red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets -these formed elements are made in the bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis - Granulocytes: White blood cells that have granules inside them that are visible by a microscope -Activation of other leukocytes involved in adaptive immunity 1) include neutrophils: most numerous white blood cells in the circulation 2) eosinophils: phagocyted, responsible for reacting with allergies and parasites 3) basophils: present in the blood and release histamine -reacts to allergens and parasites 4) mast cells: almost the same as basophils but are located in the tissue like skin and mucous membrane - all 4 are called Polymorphonuclear leukocytes= also known as polys or PMNS, PMLS, PMNLs Agranulocytes: white blood cells with granules but not visible by microscope -Innate immune responders, as well as B and T cells -1) include monocytes/macrophages: largest white blood cell, also phagocytes - if found in the blood they are called monocytes - when exits the blood and enter tissue they are called macrophages 2) include dendrites cells: phagocytes, present in the skin or other body openings which are portals of entry 3) lymphocytes: include natural killer cells, and b-cells, t-cells - b-cells and t-cells are adaptive only: everything else in innate

Secondary Lymphoid tissue

consists of lymphoid that function to filter and screen lymph -contains white blood cells to destroy pathogens. Also release white blood cells upon infection -consists of spleen- large lymph node -MALT= mucosa: associated with lymphoid tissue - it is located in mucosa lining if the body - includes GALT (gut) - release white blood cells upon infection

Second line defenses cont. (molecular defenses)

cytokines: signalong proteins that coordinate immune actions 1) chemokines 2) Interleukines 3) Interferons 4) Tumor necrosis factor - function of 1-4: stimulate inflammation, generate fever, recrute white blood cells to infections, stimulates repair, promote leukocytes - Interleukines: communicate between white blood cells -interferons: interfere with viral replication (include alpha beta) that are released to alert other cells that have not yet been infected to get ready to combat virus -Interferons are released by infected host cells to limit protein synthesis in uninfected neighboring cells. -Interferons recruit leukocytes to combat viral infections. -Interferons signal nearby virus-infected cells to undergo apoptosis. -tumor necrosis factors: kill tumor cells, released by macrophages in order to stimulate inflammation -compliant proteins are made in the liver and travel around the plasma in an inactive form; looking for activation - 3 outcomes when C-3 is activated 1) opsonization: protein bacteria are tagged for phagocytosis; enhances phagocytosis 2) cytolysis: forms pores causing cell to lyse 3) inflammation

Just as there are three major pathways for the complement system to be activated, there are three major outcomes of complement activation. Each of the following is an outcome of complement activation

cytolysis opsonization inflammation

Which cell type works to prevent our immune system from attacking self and from over-reacting to nonthreatening substances, is abundant in tissues next to body openings, and phagocytizes a broad range of antigens?

dendritic cell

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

dendritic cell

Which of the following pairs is not an example of a cytokine and its function?

eicosanoids: promote the replication and gathering of leukocytes

Kupffer cells are examples of ________ that reside in the _________.

fixed macrophages; liver

The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid

goes into lymph capillaries

Which of the following causes vasodilation and increased permeability during inflammation?

histamine

Normal bacteria in/on the _________ create a robust competition against Clostridium difficile.

human intestinal tract

Phagocytes (D-men)

include: - dendrites -mono/macro/mast -eosinophiles -neutrophiles

Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?

increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that each of the following negatively impact immune responses

increased antibiotic usage. low numbers of microbiota. less diverse microbiota.

Immunity overview

innate immunity is nonspecific and inborn (born with it) 1) barrier defenses (skin, mucus membrane) 2) cellular and molecular defenses

All of the following cytokines signal the hypothalamus to raise the internal body temperature

interleukin-1 interferon-alpha tumor necrosis factor

Chemicals that communicate between leukocytes are known

interleukins

Lymph is primarily _________.

interstitial fluid

Hemoglobin, transferrin, lactoferrin, and ferritin are all examples of __________.

iron-binding proteins

Leukocytes are central to the release of each of the following

iron-binding proteins cytokines complement proteins

Eicosanoids and _________ are primarily associated with activating pain receptors

kinins

A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following

leukocytosis. leukopenia. the total number of white blood cells. the numbers of each type of white blood cell

What secondary lymphoid tissues become swollen during an infection due to multiplication of leukocytes, causing swelling and tenderness?

lymph nodes

Which of the following is a component of the second-line defenses?

lymphatic system leukocytes

first line defense barrier

main goal: prevent entry of pathogens -involves mechanical barriers: flushing, rinsing, and trapping actions (tears,earwax, urine, etc.) -chemical barriers: include lysozyme ( sweat and low ph environments like the stomach) -antimicrobial peptides (AMP's) kills microbes and stimulates white blood cells -physical barriers: consist of tightly packed epithelial cells in skin, respiratory tract

Which cell type is the largest agranular white blood cell, mature as they leave the circulatory system, and increase cell levels due to chronic infections and inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and certain cancers?

monocytes

Secondary lymphoid tissues lining common portals of entry for pathogens are described as:

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier?

mucus

During the course of an infection, ______ dominate and carry out phagocytosis.

neutrophils

Which of the following is an outcome of complement activation?

opsonization, cytolysis, and inflammation

signs of fever

pain redness loss of function

Lymph is collected from _________ that leaks from the blood into the tissues.

plasma

The thymus and bone marrow are examples of __________ lymphoid tissues and play a role in _________.

primary; maturation of leukocytes

Some pathogenic organisms overcome the iron-sequestering function of iron-binding proteins through:

producing siderophores that pull iron from iron-binding proteins.

useful effects of fever

promoting tissue repair increasing phagocyte efficiency. enhancing antiviral effects of interferon

both innate and adaptive immunity

recognizes diverse pathogens. discriminates between self and foreign antigens. eliminates identified invaders.

Elevated body temperature that fluctuates but does not reach normal during the course of the fluctuations is classified as a _________

remittent fever

During the _________ phase of inflammation, swelling is reduced, leukocytes begin to die off, and local capillaries return to their normal size.

resolution

Second-line molecular defenses include each of the following

restricting pathogen growth. recruiting immune cells to infection sites. generating fever

What are cytokines?

signaling proteins that help cells communicate with each other, initiating and coordinating immune actions

Which of the following is the most important physical barrier of the first line of defense?

skin

Skin is an important physical barrier because:

skin lines every body cavity and body entrance

adaptive immunity

specific, targeted against a particular invader. Also called acquired immunity Matures over time Four- to seven-day window to activate Found only in vertebrate animals 1) cellular branch (t-cells) 2) humoral branch (body fluids, b-cells, antibodies)

What primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?

spleen the spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that filters blood rather than lymph and disposes of damaged red blood cells.

Second-line defense molecules released by leukocytes have all of the following functions

stimulating inflammation. restricting pathogen growth. triggering fever.

in the lectin pathway, complement proteins bind to _________ on the surface of microbes.

sugars

Unlike inflammation, fever is a(n) ________ immune response.

systemic

Both the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system work to prevent

the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.

What primary lymphoid tissue is the site for T cell maturation?

thymus

What is edema?

tissue swelling

The _________ phase of inflammation is characterized by "leaky" blood vessels that have been acted on by histamine, kinins, and eicosanoids.

vascular changes

Which of the following are the three phases of inflammation?

vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, and resolution

Increased blood vessel permeability and __________ contribute to the cardinal signs of inflammation.

vasodilation

Steps of inflammation

1) Vascular changes - vasodilation: leads to increase in blood flow at sight of injury - Vasodilation is responsible for redness, heat and pain -Vasodilation is responsible for vessel permeability (leaky) allows thing in blood to enter - mast cell release vasoactive molecules -release of histamines - kinins (stimulate pain receptors) - eicosanoids (stimulate pain receptors and fever (ex: prostaglandins, leukotrienes ) 2) leukocyte recruitment: chemoattractants attracts white blood cells to injured site - white blood cells exit bloodstream and enter damaged sites 1) Margination: slow, roll, stick to vessel wall 2) Diapedesis: emigration/extravasation: getting out of vessels - white blood cells change shape and squeeze between endothelial cells ( line blood vessels) 3) Resolution: going back to normal state as best the body can - involves wound healing 1) angiogenesis: formation of new blood vessels - blood clots resolve - white blood cells undergo apoptosis (cell death) - phagocytes clean up debris - puss= dead cells and white blood cells and exudate 2) tissue repair 3) fibrosis and scar formation - Macrophages tend to be the hallmark of chronic inflammation - atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque - arteriosclerosis: hardening of walls - cancer if high levels - neurodegenerative diseases - Fever: pyrexia; abnormally high body temp (37 normal 39 high) - hypothalamus in brain regulates body temp - pyrogens: chemical that induce fever; trigger the release of cytokines to tell hypothalamus to increase temp

Steps of fever

1) blood vessels constrict ( to keep heat in) 2) shivering (increase body temp) - skin remain cool (chills sign that body temp is rising) 3) body temp returns to normal 37 degrees celsius (crisis) 4) blood vessel dilate (vasodilation leads to...) 5) sweating

Benefits to fever

1) increase IFN activity: interferons 2) increase phagocyte efficiency 3) increase tissue repair 4) increase white blood cell production

complications of fever

1) increase heart rate (tachycardia) 2) increase metabolic rate 3) dehydration 4) electrolytes imbalances (N+, K+) 5) possibly seizures and delirium 6) protein and enzyme denaturation

Functions for both immunities

1) recognizes diverse pathogens 2) eliminates identifies invaders 3) has the ability to discriminate between self and nonself antigen

Chronic signs of inflammation

1) rubor: redness/erythema due to vasodilation and blood moving to area of injury - vasoconstriction occurs upstream if injury 2) Calor: heat due to blood moving to area of injury 3) tumor: swelling (edema) accumulation of fluid 4) dolor: pain due to injury of nerve fibers and chemical irritants (ex: bradykinins, histmone, prostaglandins) 5) Loss of function if severe

Put the three phases of inflammation in the correct order: 1: Leukocyte recruitment 2: Resolution 3: Vascular changes

3, 1, 2