micro chapter 11 study
Inflammation= on fire
- acute inflammatory response: occurring and ending quickly -chronic inflammatory response: occurring and ending slowly
Which of the following statements accurately describes innate immunity?
-Innate immunity has an immediate response to antigens. -Innate immunity has the capacity to distinguish foreign versus self. Features: -stimulation of adaptive immunity -discrimination between self and foreign -killing of identified invaders
not phagocytic
-basophites -b-cells -t-cells -natural killer cells -leukocytosis: increased white blood cell count -leukopenia: decreased white blood cell count, differential white blood cell count
Second line defense (lymphatic system ) cellular and molecular
-lymphatic system: functions to collect, filter and circulate interstitial fluid -plasma in the blood enter capillaries to become interstitial fluid Blood: plasma. between tissues: interstitial fluid lymph vessels: lymph lymph o plasma via heart
What is the primary function of interleukins?
Activation of the innate and adaptive immune response
A response that is uniquely directed against pathogenic Bordetella pertussis would involve what component?
Antibodies
Which of the following is able to destroy a wide spectrum of viruses, parasites, bacteria, and fungi?
Antimicrobial peptides
The three main pathways for complement activation all have the same general outcomes. Which of the following would not be an outcome?
Apoptosis
Which of the following describes chronic inflammation?
Associated with Alzheimer's disease Promotes atherosclerosis Leads to certain cancers
pyrogenic materials
Bacterial exotoxins Certain drugs Bacterial endotoxins
Benadryl (diphenhydramine) is an anti-histamine that can be used to treat atopic, allergic reactions. Which of the following statements best describes how this drug affects the inflammatory response?
Benadryl directly blocks the action of vasoactive molecules, leading to a decreased inflammatory response.
Which of the following best describes eosinophils?
Bi-lobed nucleus; moderately phagocytic; attack allergens and parasites
Which of the following is not one of the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
Bleeding
There are three common features shared by the innate and adaptive immune responses.
Both recognize diverse pathogens. Both eliminate identified invaders. Both discriminate between self and foreign antigens.
Which of the following describes the function of lysozyme?
Breaks down bacterial cell walls
Question 8:Often women develop a vaginal yeast infection after antibiotic therapy causes a reduction in lactobacilli levels, changing the pH, and leading to an overgrowth of __________ .
Candida albicans
MCP-1 is a cytokine which induces monocytes migration and infiltration. This protein is an example of which type of cytokine?
Chemokine
Question 4:Which of the following best describes mast cells?
Circular nucleus; resides in tissues; attack bacteria, allergens, and parasites right answer feedback:
__________ are second-line molecular defenses that assist cells in communicating with each other.
Cytokines
goals of inflammation
Deliver oxygen, nutrients, and chemical factors essential for tissue recovery Recruitment of immune defenses to the injured tissue Limit the spread of infectious agents
Your patient is suffering from a parasitic infection. Which of the following cells would most likely be elevated?
Eosinophils
Which of the following is a physical barrier?
Epidermis of the skin
While all effects of fever are not entirely understood, some studies have suggested various reasons as to why especially low-grade fevers may be beneficial. Which of the following would not be a function of fever?
Fever works by limiting the production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus
A histiocyte is an agranulocyte that is exclusively present in connective tissue. Which of the following terms best describes a histiocyte?
Fixed macrophage
innate immunity
Generalized response Found in all eukaryotes Inborn protection
Which of the following most accurately describes fixed macrophages?
Highly phagocytic cells that destroy a wide range of pathogens and reside in specific tissues
Which of the following most accurately describes wandering macrophages?
Highly phagocytic cells that destroy a wide range of pathogens and roam through tissues
Which of the following chemical mediators of inflammation is primarily released by mast cells?
Histamine
Which of the following statements is true concerning the alternative complement cascade?
In the alternative complement cascade, complement proteins directly interact with the invading agent.
_________ play a role in hematopoiesis.
Interleukins
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about iron-binding proteins?
Iron-binding proteins are also referred to as "siderophores."
chemical mediators of inflammation are vasoactive?
Kinins Eicosanoids Histamines
Which of the following most accurately describes monocytes?
Largest agranular leukocyte; horseshoe-shaped nucleus; account for 10% of circulating leukocytes
Which of the following best describes basophils?
Less than 1% of the leukocyte population; bi-lobed nucleus; attack allergens and parasites
Which of the following is one of the categories of the second-line defenses?
Leukocytes
Which of the following is part of the second line of defense?
Leukocytes Molecular factors such as chemokines
physical barrier functions of the skin?
Lipids provide water resistance. Compacted dead skin cells. Keratin provides water resistance.
First line of defense ex
Lysozyme in tears Mucous membranes Antimicrobial peptides
contains lysozyme?
Mucus Saliva Tears
mechanical barriers
Mucus membranes trapping bacteria in the nose. Urine flushing pathogens out of the bladder. Tears washing pathogens from the eye.
Which of the following describes neutrophils?
Multi-lobed nucleus; highly phagocytic; attack bacterial and viral invaders
Which of the following lymphocytes is involved with innate immune protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells?
Natural killer cells
Which of the following statements concerning natural killer cells is true?
Natural killer cells provide protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumors.
Which of the following leukocytes are the most numerous in human blood?
Neutrophils
In which of the following scenarios would you expect lysozyme to be an effective chemical barrier?
Preventing the entry of Haemophilus aegyptius, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, into the conjunctiva
Second-line molecular defenses fulfill which of the following immunological roles?
Recruit leukocytes to site of infection Stimulate fever Stimulate inflammation
What is the primary function of chemokines?
Recruitment of white blood cells to the area of infection
Which of the following most accurately describes dendritic cells?
Ruffled membrane with long cytoplasmic extensions; highly phagocytic; and activate the adaptive immune response
Which of the following statements concerning second-line molecular defenses is true?
Second-line molecular defenses are produced by leukocytes.
What is the primary function of interferons?
Signaling molecules that send an alarm when pathogens or tumor cells are detected
Question 8:What is the primary function of tumor necrosis factor?
Stimulate inflammation and kill tumor cells
Which of the following molecular second-line defenses is common to cytokines, iron-binding proteins, and complement proteins?
Stimulation of inflammation
Your patient is born without a thymus. This inherited, chromosomal deletion would affect the patient in which of the following ways?
The patient would not produce mature T lymphocytes.
Which of the following is a feature true for the adaptive immune response only?
The response is tailored to a specific antigen.
First line defenses have what aspect in common with each other?
They are physical barriers against invading pathogens.
Main goals of inflammation
To recruit immune defenses to the injured tissue To limit the spread of infectious agents To deliver oxygen, nutrients, and chemical factors essential for tissue recovery
describe a positive mechanism by which normal microbiota assists the immune system?
Tolerating non-pathogens Tolerating food Fine-tuning the immune response
a role of normal microbiota in the human body?
Training the immune response Inducing the immune response Calibrating the immune response
Inflammation occurs in three general phases. Which phase is the first to occur after tissue injury? Mast cells are the key players in which phase of inflammation?
Vascular changes phase
If a new bacterial pathogen entered a human body through an accidental needle stick, the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen would likely be
a phagocyte.
B cells and T cells are lymphocytes involved in __________.
adaptive immunity
The ___________ complement pathway is triggered when antigens directly bind to a complement protein.
alternative
The complement system consists of over 30 different proteins that work together in a cascade fashion to protect us against infectious agents. One way this system is activated is via the ____________, when complement proteins are activated by directly interacting with pathogen.
alternative pathway
In the classical pathway of complement activation, complement proteins are activated when __________ bind to a pathogen
antibodies
Defensins are a type of a(n) _________ that insert themselves into microbial cell membranes.
antimicrobial peptide
Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier?
antimicrobial peptides
chemical barrier against pathogens
antimicrobial peptides lysozyme defensins
What are the two categories of second-line defenses?
assorted molecular factors and leukocytes
T-cell precursors are made in the __________ and mature in the __________.
bone marrow; thymus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is able to overcome the iron-sequestering function of iron-binding proteins by:
breaking down iron-binding proteins to release iron.
Group A streptococci are able to overcome the iron-sequestering function of iron-binding proteins by:
breaking down red blood cells to access the iron from hemoglobin.
Strong acids in the stomach are an example of a __________ barrier of the first-line defenses.
chemical
Chemicals that stimulate the migration of leukocytes are known as
chemokins
Primary Lymphoid tissue
consists of bone marrow and thymus -bone marrow functions to make white blood cells -if the mature in bone marrow (b-cells) -if matured in thymus called T-cells
Second line defenses cont. (cellular defenses)
consists of formed elements found in the blood= red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets -these formed elements are made in the bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis - Granulocytes: White blood cells that have granules inside them that are visible by a microscope -Activation of other leukocytes involved in adaptive immunity 1) include neutrophils: most numerous white blood cells in the circulation 2) eosinophils: phagocyted, responsible for reacting with allergies and parasites 3) basophils: present in the blood and release histamine -reacts to allergens and parasites 4) mast cells: almost the same as basophils but are located in the tissue like skin and mucous membrane - all 4 are called Polymorphonuclear leukocytes= also known as polys or PMNS, PMLS, PMNLs Agranulocytes: white blood cells with granules but not visible by microscope -Innate immune responders, as well as B and T cells -1) include monocytes/macrophages: largest white blood cell, also phagocytes - if found in the blood they are called monocytes - when exits the blood and enter tissue they are called macrophages 2) include dendrites cells: phagocytes, present in the skin or other body openings which are portals of entry 3) lymphocytes: include natural killer cells, and b-cells, t-cells - b-cells and t-cells are adaptive only: everything else in innate
Secondary Lymphoid tissue
consists of lymphoid that function to filter and screen lymph -contains white blood cells to destroy pathogens. Also release white blood cells upon infection -consists of spleen- large lymph node -MALT= mucosa: associated with lymphoid tissue - it is located in mucosa lining if the body - includes GALT (gut) - release white blood cells upon infection
Second line defenses cont. (molecular defenses)
cytokines: signalong proteins that coordinate immune actions 1) chemokines 2) Interleukines 3) Interferons 4) Tumor necrosis factor - function of 1-4: stimulate inflammation, generate fever, recrute white blood cells to infections, stimulates repair, promote leukocytes - Interleukines: communicate between white blood cells -interferons: interfere with viral replication (include alpha beta) that are released to alert other cells that have not yet been infected to get ready to combat virus -Interferons are released by infected host cells to limit protein synthesis in uninfected neighboring cells. -Interferons recruit leukocytes to combat viral infections. -Interferons signal nearby virus-infected cells to undergo apoptosis. -tumor necrosis factors: kill tumor cells, released by macrophages in order to stimulate inflammation -compliant proteins are made in the liver and travel around the plasma in an inactive form; looking for activation - 3 outcomes when C-3 is activated 1) opsonization: protein bacteria are tagged for phagocytosis; enhances phagocytosis 2) cytolysis: forms pores causing cell to lyse 3) inflammation
Just as there are three major pathways for the complement system to be activated, there are three major outcomes of complement activation. Each of the following is an outcome of complement activation
cytolysis opsonization inflammation
Which cell type works to prevent our immune system from attacking self and from over-reacting to nonthreatening substances, is abundant in tissues next to body openings, and phagocytizes a broad range of antigens?
dendritic cell
Which of the following is an agranulocyte?
dendritic cell
Which of the following pairs is not an example of a cytokine and its function?
eicosanoids: promote the replication and gathering of leukocytes
Kupffer cells are examples of ________ that reside in the _________.
fixed macrophages; liver
The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid
goes into lymph capillaries
Which of the following causes vasodilation and increased permeability during inflammation?
histamine
Normal bacteria in/on the _________ create a robust competition against Clostridium difficile.
human intestinal tract
Phagocytes (D-men)
include: - dendrites -mono/macro/mast -eosinophiles -neutrophiles
Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
The hygiene hypothesis suggests that each of the following negatively impact immune responses
increased antibiotic usage. low numbers of microbiota. less diverse microbiota.
Immunity overview
innate immunity is nonspecific and inborn (born with it) 1) barrier defenses (skin, mucus membrane) 2) cellular and molecular defenses
All of the following cytokines signal the hypothalamus to raise the internal body temperature
interleukin-1 interferon-alpha tumor necrosis factor
Chemicals that communicate between leukocytes are known
interleukins
Lymph is primarily _________.
interstitial fluid
Hemoglobin, transferrin, lactoferrin, and ferritin are all examples of __________.
iron-binding proteins
Leukocytes are central to the release of each of the following
iron-binding proteins cytokines complement proteins
Eicosanoids and _________ are primarily associated with activating pain receptors
kinins
A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following
leukocytosis. leukopenia. the total number of white blood cells. the numbers of each type of white blood cell
What secondary lymphoid tissues become swollen during an infection due to multiplication of leukocytes, causing swelling and tenderness?
lymph nodes
Which of the following is a component of the second-line defenses?
lymphatic system leukocytes
first line defense barrier
main goal: prevent entry of pathogens -involves mechanical barriers: flushing, rinsing, and trapping actions (tears,earwax, urine, etc.) -chemical barriers: include lysozyme ( sweat and low ph environments like the stomach) -antimicrobial peptides (AMP's) kills microbes and stimulates white blood cells -physical barriers: consist of tightly packed epithelial cells in skin, respiratory tract
Which cell type is the largest agranular white blood cell, mature as they leave the circulatory system, and increase cell levels due to chronic infections and inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and certain cancers?
monocytes
Secondary lymphoid tissues lining common portals of entry for pathogens are described as:
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier?
mucus
During the course of an infection, ______ dominate and carry out phagocytosis.
neutrophils
Which of the following is an outcome of complement activation?
opsonization, cytolysis, and inflammation
signs of fever
pain redness loss of function
Lymph is collected from _________ that leaks from the blood into the tissues.
plasma
The thymus and bone marrow are examples of __________ lymphoid tissues and play a role in _________.
primary; maturation of leukocytes
Some pathogenic organisms overcome the iron-sequestering function of iron-binding proteins through:
producing siderophores that pull iron from iron-binding proteins.
useful effects of fever
promoting tissue repair increasing phagocyte efficiency. enhancing antiviral effects of interferon
both innate and adaptive immunity
recognizes diverse pathogens. discriminates between self and foreign antigens. eliminates identified invaders.
Elevated body temperature that fluctuates but does not reach normal during the course of the fluctuations is classified as a _________
remittent fever
During the _________ phase of inflammation, swelling is reduced, leukocytes begin to die off, and local capillaries return to their normal size.
resolution
Second-line molecular defenses include each of the following
restricting pathogen growth. recruiting immune cells to infection sites. generating fever
What are cytokines?
signaling proteins that help cells communicate with each other, initiating and coordinating immune actions
Which of the following is the most important physical barrier of the first line of defense?
skin
Skin is an important physical barrier because:
skin lines every body cavity and body entrance
adaptive immunity
specific, targeted against a particular invader. Also called acquired immunity Matures over time Four- to seven-day window to activate Found only in vertebrate animals 1) cellular branch (t-cells) 2) humoral branch (body fluids, b-cells, antibodies)
What primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?
spleen the spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that filters blood rather than lymph and disposes of damaged red blood cells.
Second-line defense molecules released by leukocytes have all of the following functions
stimulating inflammation. restricting pathogen growth. triggering fever.
in the lectin pathway, complement proteins bind to _________ on the surface of microbes.
sugars
Unlike inflammation, fever is a(n) ________ immune response.
systemic
Both the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system work to prevent
the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.
What primary lymphoid tissue is the site for T cell maturation?
thymus
What is edema?
tissue swelling
The _________ phase of inflammation is characterized by "leaky" blood vessels that have been acted on by histamine, kinins, and eicosanoids.
vascular changes
Which of the following are the three phases of inflammation?
vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, and resolution
Increased blood vessel permeability and __________ contribute to the cardinal signs of inflammation.
vasodilation
Steps of inflammation
1) Vascular changes - vasodilation: leads to increase in blood flow at sight of injury - Vasodilation is responsible for redness, heat and pain -Vasodilation is responsible for vessel permeability (leaky) allows thing in blood to enter - mast cell release vasoactive molecules -release of histamines - kinins (stimulate pain receptors) - eicosanoids (stimulate pain receptors and fever (ex: prostaglandins, leukotrienes ) 2) leukocyte recruitment: chemoattractants attracts white blood cells to injured site - white blood cells exit bloodstream and enter damaged sites 1) Margination: slow, roll, stick to vessel wall 2) Diapedesis: emigration/extravasation: getting out of vessels - white blood cells change shape and squeeze between endothelial cells ( line blood vessels) 3) Resolution: going back to normal state as best the body can - involves wound healing 1) angiogenesis: formation of new blood vessels - blood clots resolve - white blood cells undergo apoptosis (cell death) - phagocytes clean up debris - puss= dead cells and white blood cells and exudate 2) tissue repair 3) fibrosis and scar formation - Macrophages tend to be the hallmark of chronic inflammation - atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque - arteriosclerosis: hardening of walls - cancer if high levels - neurodegenerative diseases - Fever: pyrexia; abnormally high body temp (37 normal 39 high) - hypothalamus in brain regulates body temp - pyrogens: chemical that induce fever; trigger the release of cytokines to tell hypothalamus to increase temp
Steps of fever
1) blood vessels constrict ( to keep heat in) 2) shivering (increase body temp) - skin remain cool (chills sign that body temp is rising) 3) body temp returns to normal 37 degrees celsius (crisis) 4) blood vessel dilate (vasodilation leads to...) 5) sweating
Benefits to fever
1) increase IFN activity: interferons 2) increase phagocyte efficiency 3) increase tissue repair 4) increase white blood cell production
complications of fever
1) increase heart rate (tachycardia) 2) increase metabolic rate 3) dehydration 4) electrolytes imbalances (N+, K+) 5) possibly seizures and delirium 6) protein and enzyme denaturation
Functions for both immunities
1) recognizes diverse pathogens 2) eliminates identifies invaders 3) has the ability to discriminate between self and nonself antigen
Chronic signs of inflammation
1) rubor: redness/erythema due to vasodilation and blood moving to area of injury - vasoconstriction occurs upstream if injury 2) Calor: heat due to blood moving to area of injury 3) tumor: swelling (edema) accumulation of fluid 4) dolor: pain due to injury of nerve fibers and chemical irritants (ex: bradykinins, histmone, prostaglandins) 5) Loss of function if severe
Put the three phases of inflammation in the correct order: 1: Leukocyte recruitment 2: Resolution 3: Vascular changes
3, 1, 2