Micro Exam 1 (CH. 1-6 Quick Quizzes)

Choose the false statement about the prokaryotic cytoskeleton. It directs cell wall construction. It contains actin and tubulin. It organizes binary fission. It organizes biochemical processes.

contains actin and tubulin

Variant CJD is transmitted via __________. medical intervention contaminated meat inheritance from parental genes ingestion of contaminated water

contaminated meat right answer feedback:Variant CJD was given the moniker "mad cow disease" after a study linked human infections to the consumption of contaminated meat.

Which of the following is a molecular formula? 14C C6H12O6 Cl- Mg2+

C6H12O6

Which of the following molecules is organic? CO2 NaCl C6H12O6 H2O

C6H12O6

Genes can be silenced by a process called DNA methylation. Which of the following compounds is a methyl group? CO2 CH3 COOH OH

CH3

Which of the following correctly describes the molecular formula for methane, which is comprised of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms? H4C H3CH H2CH2 CH4

CH4

Which of the following is not a viral genome arrangement? Double-stranded DNA Segmented RNA Circular RNA Linear DNA

CIRCULAR DNA

Which of the following diseases is not caused by prions? Sporadic Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease Variant Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease Cancer Gerstmann-Straussler-Schienker syndrome

Cancer

Which of the following word pairs describing chronic and latent viral infections is mismatched? Latent infections: episodic bursts of virions allow transmission to a new host Latent infections: virions are undetectable during a period of inactivity Chronic infections: a period of quiet infection that may exist for months or years precedes a period of active viral replication Chronic infections: distinguished by flare-ups triggered by stress

Chronic infections: distinguished by flare-ups triggered by stress right answer feedback:You found the mismatched pair. Chronic infections are characterized by a slow progression of disease.

If a bacterial cell with a damaged cell wall is placed in a hypotonic solution it will ___________. absorb water from the environment and lyse. absorb water from the environment, but not undergo lysis. absorb water from the environment and undergo plasmolysis.

absorb water from the environment and lyse.

Which of the following is not a type of endocytosis? Receptor-mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis Active transport. Pinocytosis

active transport

After translation, protein modifications are necessary for a final functioning product. Which of the following is NOT part of protein modification? addition of a methionine addition of inorganic factors trimming addition of organic compounds

addition of a methionine

__________ is the preferred microbial media format for isolating individual bacterial colonies. An agar slant Nutrient broth An agar deep An agar plate

agar plate

Yearly vaccinations for influenza are necessary due to __________. mutations to reverse transcriptase antigenic shift antigenic drift viral attenuation

antigenic drift Antigenic drift is the result of minor mutations to HA and NA spikes that allow the virus to evade a quick antibody response by making the new strains different enough to go unrecognized by the immune system, which necessitates yearly vaccinations against new strains.

minor changes to HA and NA spikes resulting from frequent mutation of the influenza RNA genome.

antigenic shift Antigenic shift often leads to viral strains with new features, such as increased infectivity or expanded host range, which can set the stage for worldwide pandemics of influenza.

Which of the following steps is not part of lysogenic replication? Penetration Assembly Attachment Integration

assembly

Which of the following is mismatched? Protons: Positively charged Atomic nucleus: Contains protons, neutrons, and electrons Neutrons: Neutral particles Elements: Pure substances that make up ordinary matter

atomic nucleus doesnt contain electrons

Which of the following describes primary active transport? Phosphotransferase systems. Ion gradients are used to drive transport. Facilitated diffusion. ATP is used to drive transport.

atp drive transport

Quorum sensing allows bacteria within communities to communicate with chemical messages, which may help regulate gene expression. The chemical messages are called __________. autoinducers autofactors autorepressors autoregulators

autoinducers

A chemical reaction that creates a more complex molecule and releases water in the process is best described as a(n) __________ reaction. exchange exergonic decomposition dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

A diagnostic test that is specific is described as____________. detecting only the virus(es) of interest detecting very low levels of the target a test that detects a biochemical pathway in the virus having a short turnaround time

detecting only the virus(es) of interest

The term "redundancy" in molecular biology refers to __________. repressing the expression of a gene different codons that code for the same amino acid overexpression of a gene the multiple sites to begin DNA replication

different codons that code for the same amino acid

Viral genetic reassortment is most likely to occur when __________. an attenuated strain emerges random mutations occur RNA viruses fail to proofread during RNA replication different viral strains infect the same cell

different viral stain infect the same cell

Prokaryotes tend to be small because they rely on _________ of nutrients. osmosis diffusion synthesis active transport

diffusion

Which of the following macromolecules is incorrectly paired with its building blocks? DNA: nicotinic acids Protein: amino acids Carbohydrates: simple sugars Lipid: glycerol and fatty acids

dna

Select the single true statement. Hydrogen bonds form due to temporary dipoles that are not a result of hydrogen atoms bonding to O, F, or N atoms Hydrogen bonds are weaker than Van der Waals interactions. Hydrogen bonds do not bind atoms into molecules. Van der Waals interactions bind atoms into molecules.

do not bond atoms into molecules

Members of the domain Archaea are distinct from those in the domain Bacteria in that the Archaea members: are always prokaryotes. usually lack a cell wall. do not inhabit human skin. don't cause human disease.

do not cause human disease

All of the following are anti-influenza drugs except ____________. rimantadine oseltamivir amantadine docosanol

docosanol right answer feedback:Docosanol blocks attachment by HHV-1

Which of the following describes the function of lysosomes? Contain a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes that break down substances engulfed by the cell. Contain enzymes that break down certain fats and amino acids and protect the cell from hydrogen peroxide and other toxic oxygen intermediates. Shuttle materials to the cell surface for discharge from the cell. Move substances around the cell and make their way to diverse cellular destinations.

Contain a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes that break down substances engulfed by the cell.

Which of the following RNA virus families includes the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)? Paramyxoviridae Filoviridae Coronaviridae Orthomyxoviridae

Coronaviridae Coronaviridae family includes viruses that cause SARS and the common cold.

During DNA replication, which enzyme is involved in proofreading to prevent the incorrect matching of nucleotides? helicase ligase primase DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase

RNA primers are removed from the leading and lagging strand by __________. helicase DNA polymerase III DNA polymerase I topoisomerase.

DNA polymerase I

In DNA replication, what is the main enzyme responsible for adding complementary nucleotides to the daughter strand while reading the parent strand? gyrase DNA polymerase III DNA polymerase I primase Question4

DNA polymerase III

Which enzyme is the main contributor to the development of spontaneous mutations? DNA polymerase III helicase ligase RNA primase.

DNA polymerase III

The Endosymbiotic theory describes the evolution of eukaryotes occurred through the merging of each of the following except: Rickettsia-like bacterium Non-photosynthetic prokaryotes DNA virus Cyanobacterium

DNA virus

All of the following explain why viral genomes evolve rapidly except: DNA viruses have a high mutation rate. quick replication time of viruses. reassortment events cause rapid viral evolution. RNA viruses have a high mutation rate.

DNA viruses have a high mutation rate. DNA viruses do not replicate as rapidly as RNA virsuses

Choose the false statement about bioremediation. Dispersants are added so that the remediating microbes can grow. Mercury contamination in soil or water can be removed by bioremediation. Various fungi, bacteria, and archaea may be used in bioremediation. The remediating microbes can adversely affect wildlife in areas where bioremediation as performed.

Dispersants are added so that the remediating microbes can grow.

Which of the following is the broadest taxonomic classification? Species Domain Genus Kingdom

Domain

Which of the following word pairs describing chronic and latent viral infections is mismatched? Latent infections: viral genome may remain outside the host's genome Latent infections: run their course and are cleared by the host immune system Chronic persistent infections: formation of a provirus Chronic persistent infections: disease is not evident, but host cells produce virions

Latent infections: run their course and are cleared by the host immune system You found the mismatched pair. The description used here best describes acute viral infections, not latent infections.

Which of the following terms about bacteriophage replication is mismatched? Lytic replication: DNAase production Lysogenic replication: bacterial cell division Lysogenic replication: prophage integration Lytic replication: phage conversion

Lytic replication: phage conversion right answer feedback:You chose the mismatched pair. Phage conversion does not occur in the lytic cycle of bacteriophage replication.

Which of the following most accurately describes icosahedral viruses? May appear spherical, but are three-dimensional polygons May appear cylindrical May appear ovoid or brick-like Have a capsid associated with an injecting structure

May appear spherical, but are three-dimensional polygons

Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryotic flagellum? Not enclosed in a membrane. Microtubules sprout from a centriole. Built from flagellin protein. Hook and filament structure anchored by rings.

Microtubules sprout from a centriole. The eukaryotic flagellum is anchored to the cell by a basal body consisting of a cylindrical collection of microtubules sprouting from a centriole

Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryotic flagellum? Built from flagellin protein. Not enclosed in a membrane. Hook and filament structure anchored by rings. Microtubules sprout from a centriole.

Microtubules sprout from a centriole. right answer feedback:The eukaryotic flagellum is anchored to the cell by a basal body consisting of a cylindrical collection of microtubules sprouting from a centriole.

Where are 70S ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells? Mitochondria and chloroplasts On the plasma membrane. Bound to the endoplasmic reticulum Free in the cytoplasm

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Choose the false statement. Antiviral drugs may target a host cell's machinery and metabolism. Any step in the viral replication pathway is a potential drug target Antiviral drugs usually only limit viral infections rather than cure such infections. Most viral disease require treatment.

Most viral disease require treatment. MOST ARE ACTUALLY SELF LIMITINGF

Which of the following viruses and cancer links are mismatched? Epstein-Barr virus: adult T-cell leukemia. Human papilloma viruses: cervical cancer Human herpes virus 8: Kaposi sarcoma Hepatitis B virus: liver cancer

Epstein-Barr virus: adult T-cell leukemia. The Epstein-Barr virus is associated with B- and T-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease, while human T-lymphotrophic viruses (HTLVs) cause adult T-cell leukemia.

Which of the following RNA virus families includes the virus that causes dengue fever? Picornaviridae Flaviviridae Retroviridae Calciviridae

Flaviviridae Viruses in the Flaviviridae family cause hepatitis C, West Nile encephalitis, and dengue fever.

Each of the following describes eukaryotic cilia except: Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Produce a synchronized rowing motion. Surrounded by a membrane. Sweeping mucus in the upper airway.

Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. only eukaryotes have cilia

The core component of __________ cell walls is chitin. Prokaryotic Protista Plant Fungal

Fungal

The genetic makeup of an organism is its __________. phenotype chromosome genotype karyotype

GENOTYPE

Which of the following describes a triglyceride? Three glycerol molecules bonded to a fatty acid. Glycerol bonded to three fatty acids. A hydrophilic phosphate head bonded to three hydrophobic fatty acid tails. Long-chain alcohols bonded to a fatty acid.

GLYCEROL TO THREE FATTY ACIDS

Aseptic culturing techniques require all of the below except: Decontaminated work space surfaces Sterilizing inoculation instruments Sterile growth media A pure culture

A pure culture

Select the false statement. A pure culture has colonies that exhibit different shapes and coloration. Colonies can be isolated using the streak plate technique. A solidified medium is recommended to observe bacterial colonies. The cells in a colony are genetically identical to the parent cell that gave rise to the colony. Question4

A pure culture has colonies that exhibit different shapes and coloration.

Choose the single true statement about biological molecules: DNA and RNA are built when phosphodiester bonds join nucleic acids. In proteins, peptide bonds join nucleic acids. Glycosidic bonds join the simple sugars in a carbohydrate. Lipids are made when glycerol and waxes are joined by ester bonds

Glycosidic bonds join the simple sugars in a carbohydrate.

Acids contribute _________ to an aqueous solution. H+ Cl- Na+ OH-

H+

Host antibodies against the influenza virus are developed against ___________. HA and NA spikes capsid proteins the viral envelope influenza RNA

HA and NA spikes

The Ames test is used to identify if a chemical will result in mutations. This test uses the microorganism S. typhimurium and the amino acid __________. glycine histidine proline lysine

HISTIDINE

Meiosis is characterized by: Asexual reproduction Haploid chromosomes Results in genetically identical cells. Occurs in prokaryotes

Haploid Chromosomes

Which of the following describes zygospores? Haploid gametes found at the tips of hyphae. Bud off a pedestal structure called a basidium. Haploid gametes form within a sac. Spores formed within a sac. Question12

Haploid gametes found at the tips of hyphae.

Which of the following DNA virus families includes viruses that cause oral herpes, genital herpes, and chickenpox? Herpesviridae Hepadnaviridae Poxviridae Papillomaviridae

Herpesviridae

Which of the following is the family name for the HHV-1 virus? Herpesvirales Alphaherpesvirinae Simplexvirus Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae right answer feedback:The family name for viruses is always italicized, with the first letter capitalized and always ending in-viridae.

The main function of the nucleus is __________. Protein production, modification, and folding. Houses the cell's DNA; serves as the cell's command center. Generates most of the cell's ATP. Modification of cellular proteins, production of lipids.

Houses the cell's DNA; serves as the cell's command center.

Which of the following is the species name of HHV-1? Human herpesvirus-1 or Herpes simplex virus 1. Herpesviridae Herpesvirales Simplexvirus.

Human herpesvirus-1 or Herpes simplex virus 1.

Which of the following viruses causes a chronic infection? Human immunodeficiency virus Influenza virus Human herpes virus 1 Human papilloma virus

Human immunodeficiency virus

Which of the following is oncogenic? Human herpes virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus Influenza virus Human papilloma viruses

Human papilloma viruses right answer feedback:There are over 200 different types of HPVs, about a dozen of which have been linked to cancer.

Tubular structures that form the structure of most fungi are __________. Conidiospores Hyphae Zygospores Yeasts

Hyphae

Who was the first person to recommend hand washing to reduce mortality rates? Louis Pasteur Florence Nightingale Joseph Lister Ignaz Semmelweis

Ignaz Semmeslweis

Which of the following best describes the eukaryotic kingdom Fungi? Birds, helminths, reptiles, mammals, fish, amphibians, sponges, and arthropods. Multicellular. Does not have a cell wall. Trees, grasses, flowers, herbs, and non-flowering plants. Multicellular. Has a cell wall. Includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Unicellular and multicellular. Has a cell wall. Euglena, diatoms, amoebas, paramecium, algae, slime molds. Unicellular and multicellular. Some have cell walls.

Includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Unicellular and multicellular. Has a cell wall.

Of the following statements, which does NOT apply to a microorganism that has a fertility plasmid? It has a pilus. It can further develop into a Hfr cell. It can undergo vertical gene transfer. It can undergo horizontal gene transfer. Question4

It can undergo vertical gene transfer.

Which of the following describes a Gram-positive cell wall? It has a thick peptidoglycan layer. It has a thick outer membrane. It has a thin outer membrane. It has a thin peptidoglycan layer.

It has a thick peptidoglycan layer.

Which of the following describes phosphotransferase systems? It often involves group translocation through the use of phosphoenol pyruvate. It involves ions flowing in the opposite direction of the target substance. It involves ions flowing in the same direction as the target substance. It tends to use ATP to drive transport.

It often involves group translocation through the use of phosphoenol pyruvate.

Which of the following is a characteristic of roundworms? Non-segmented, elongated, cylindrical. Segmented, flat, ribbon-like. Non-segmented, flattened, leaf-shaped. Hermaphroditic.

Non-segmented, elongated, cylindrical.

Which of the following RNA virus families includes the virus that causes influenza? Paramyxoviridae Filoviridae Orthomyxoviridae Coronaviridae

Orthomyxoviridae

The experiments that finally disproved spontaneous generation were performed by: Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Francesco Redi Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Question4

Pateur

Which of the following does not describe naked animal virus replication? Release through cell rupture Penetration through endocytosis Penetration through membrane fusion Attachment through capsid proteins

Penetration through membrane fusion enveloped virsus do

After a lytic bacteriophage attaches to a bacterium, what is the correct order of the next steps in the lytic replication cycle? Assembly, penetration, release, replication Replication, assembly, penetration, release Penetration, assembly, replication, release Penetration, replication, assembly, release

Penetration, replication, assembly, release

Which of the following is the correct sequence of animal virus replication after attachment? Uncoating, penetration, replication, assembly, release Penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, release Uncoating, penetration, assembly, replication, release Penetration, uncoating, assembly, replication, release

Penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, release

The following are concepts that relate to animal viruses. Choose the mismatched pairing. Uncoating: capsid is broken down to release viral genetic material. Attachment: capsid proteins or spikes Penetration: genetic material injected into the cell Release: budding or rupture

Penetration: genetic material injected into the cell you chose the mismatched pair. Bacteriophage inject genetic material into the bacterial cell during the penetration step, but animal viruses do not.

Which of the following RNA virus families includes the virus that causes polio? Retroviridae Flaviviridae Picornaviridae Calciviridae

Picornaviridae Picornaviridae family includes viruses that cause polio, hepatitis A, and the common cold.

Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of plasmids? Plasmids are part of the cell's chromosome. Plasmids carry genes that may be involved in antibiotic resistance. Plasmids are involved in horizontal gene transfer. Plasmids replicate independently of the cell's chromosome.

Plasmids are part of the cell's chromosome.

__________ are considered to be nonliving, do not contain genetic material, and do not replicate. Bacteriophages Viruses Prions Interferons

Prions right answer feedback:Prions are infectious proteins. They do not have any genetic material, and they do not replicate.

The main functions of the Golgi apparatus include: Protein production, modification, and folding. Protein modification, production of lipids, distribution of products. Lipid production and detoxification. Cell movement, cargo transport, protection of external stress.

Protein modification, production of lipids, distribution of products.

__________ is not an official taxonomic rank, rather it is a convenient term for describing animal-like protists that are unicellular, lack a cell wall, exhibit asexual and sexual reproduction, and live by heterotrophic means. Protozoan Mycoses Helminths Saprobes

Protozoan

Which of the following is a component of the archaeal cell wall? Lipopolysaccharide. Porins. Peptidoglycan. Pseudopeptidoglycan.

Pseudopeptidoglycan.

A protein's ______________ structure requires the presence of more than one polypeptide chain. quaternary structure tertiary secondary primary

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

Which of the following is not a functional group? R-SH R-PO42- R-H R-CH3

R-H Simple hydrogen is not considered a functional group

Adding oil to the slide when using the 100X objective improves the ________ of the image. resolution brightness refraction focus

RESOLUTION

Primase lays down a short piece of __________ as a primer to start DNA replication. carbohydrate protein DNA RNA

RNA

What is the main enzyme required for transcription of a gene? DNA gyrase DNA polymerase RNA polymerase helicase`

RNA polymerase

The role of transcription factors is to signal __________. the reverse transcriptase to the promoter region of the intended gene to be transcribed RNA polymerase to the promoter region of the intended gene to be transcribed DNA polymerase to the promoter region of the intended gene to be transcribed the ribosome formation around the mRNA

RNA polymerase to the promoter region of the intended gene to be transcribed

RNA viruses are able to mutate more rapidly than DNA viruses because _______________. RNA polymerases do not have proofreading capabilities segmented RNA viruses are more prone to mutation, unlike DNA viruses RNA viruses undergo reassortment more often than DNA viruses DNA viruses do not release as many virions as RNA viruses

RNA polymerases do not have proofreading capabilities

The binding of a ligand to a receptor, which induces the formation of a clathrin-coated pit, is the first step of _________. Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Exocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which of the following does not describe enveloped virus replication? Release through budding Penetration through membrane fusion Release through host cell rupture Viral proteins embedded in the plasma membrane

Release through host cell rupture

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the eukaryotic flagellum? Wrapped in membrane derived from the plasma membrane. Composed of tubulin Wave-like motion Rotary motion

Rotary motion

Which of the following is not a viral genome arrangement? Double-stranded RNA Segmented DNA Single-stranded DNA Segmented RNA

SEGMENTED DNA

Which type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons to show the surface features of a specimen? Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Fluorescence microscopy Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Light microscopy

SEM

Saturated lipids have ______ bonds in their fatty acid chains. peptide hydrogen single double

SINGLEQ

Which of the following is a genus of fluke? Trichinella Taenia Schistosoma Ascaris

Schistosoma

Which of the following describes hyphae with divisions between each cell? Yeast Aseptate Dimorphic Septate

Septate

Each of the following is a kingdom of eukaryotes except: Animalia Archaea Plantae Protista

Archaea

All of the following spore-forming bacterial species cause disease except: Clostridium tetani. Bacillus anthracis. Bacillus subtilis. Clostridium perfringens.

Bacillus subtilis.

Which is the most effective method for culturing bacteriophages? Bacterial culture on solid agar or in liquid broth Live animals Embryonated eggs Human cancer cell lines

Bacterial culture on solid agar or in liquid broth

Choose the false statement about buffers: Buffers may cause alkalosis. Buffers stabilize pH Buffers include carbonic acid and bicarbonate Buffers release and absorb H+ ions.

Buffers may cause alkalosis.

Assume you know a cell is acid fast. Which of the following can you most safely conclude? The organism is Gram-positive. The organism is an opportunistic pathogen. The organism is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It lives in the soil.

The organism is Gram-positive. Due to the waxy nature of their cell walls, acid-fast bacteria stain weakly with the Gram-stain, but are nonetheless considered Gram-positive.

Which of the following is false regarding the sickle cell trait? The sickle-cell trait provides protection against parasites that cause malaria. People who are ancestrally from areas where malaria is common are more likely to have the sickle cell trait. The sickle cell trait is caused by malarial parasite infections. The sickle-cell trait is an example of human and microbe coevolution.

The sickle cell trait is caused by malarial parasite infections.

Which of the following would be considered a FALSE statement about small noncoding RNAs? They are found only in prokaryotic cells. They are used in post-transcription regulation. They reduce the amount of protein made from mRNA. They can be used to tag a ribosome to be destroyed.

They are found only in prokaryotic cells.

Of the following statements, which one is NOT related to transposable elements? They recombine the genome. They can change the rate of gene expression. They create a stable, non-changing genome. They require the transposase enzyme.

They create stable, non-changing genome

Which of the following best describes the genomes of influenza, measles, Ebola, and rabies viruses? They each have a double-stranded RNA genome that is transcribed to make mRNA. They each have an RNA genome that is complementary to mRNA. They each have an RNA genome that directs the production of DNA, which is then transcribed into mRNA. Their RNA genome functions directly as mRNA.

They each have an RNA genome that is complementary to mRNA.

Which of the following is not a reason that acid-fast bacteria are clinically a challenge? These are all clinical concerns about acid-fast bacteria. They grow slowly. They form endospores that resist heat and sanitizing practices. They have a waxy layer that limits drug entry

They form endospores that resist heat and sanitizing practices. Although acid-fast bacteria are indeed resistant to many things, it is not because they form endospores. Endospores are not made by Mycobacteria or Nocardia genera. You can refer to section on endospores to see which genera are endospore formers.

Choose the false statement about oncoviruses. Their viral genome is maintained episomally in the cell. They tend to integrate into the host cell genome. They stimulate cells to undergo apoptosis. They stimulate cells to undergo cell division.

They stimulate cells to undergo apoptosis

A codon consists of __________ nucleotides. two three four five

Three

Which of the following is not a mycosis? Histoplasmosis Candidiasis Tinea pedis Toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasmosis

Which of the following is a characteristic of amoeboid protozoans? Utilize pseudopods for movement. Utilize flagella for movement. Utilize cilia for motility. Utilize gliding for motility.

Utilize pseudopods for movement

Which of the following antiviral drugs is mismatched with its mechanism of action? Vapendavir: prevents rhinovirus attachment Palivizumab: blocks RSV fusion HRIG: blocks rabies virus attachment Enfuviritide: blocks HIV attachment

Vapendavir: prevents rhinovirus attachment

Which of the following is not acid-fast? Vibrio cholerae Nocardia species Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Vibrio cholerae

Which of the following agents is considered nonliving? Viruses Helminths Archaea Bacteria

Virsuses

Which of the following is not used to classify and name viruses? Presence or absence of an envelope Virus size Capsid symmetry Genome architecture

Virus size

Which of the following is mismatched? Viruses: DNA or RNA genome. Prokaryotes: May be viewed with light microscopy. Eukaryotes: Division using mitosis and meiosis. Viruses: Replication through mitosis.

Viruses: Replication through mitosis. right answer feedback:You found the mismatched pair. Viruses use host-cell energy and machinery to replicate.

Which of the following is mismatched? Eukaryotes: May be viewed with light microscopy. Prokaryotes: Cells without nuclei or membrane-bound organelles. Viruses: Protein capsid with nucleic acid. Viruses: Usually viewed with light microscopy.

Viruses: Usually viewed with light microscopy. right answer feedback:You chose the mismatched pair. Most viruses can only be viewed with electron microscopy.

You believe that you have performed a perfect Gram stain on a mixed culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yet when you observe the cells under the microscope, they all appear pink. What went wrong? You left the mordant on the smear for too long You left the decolorizer on the smear for too long You left the safranin on the smear for too long. You left the crystal violet on the smear for too long

You left the decolorizer on the smear for too long

Which of the following is considered a pre-transcriptional regulation and NOT a post-transcriptional regulation? the rate of mRNA processing in eukaryotic cells a repressed operon messenger RNA stability the rate of ribosome association with the mRNA

a repressed operon

In an inducible operon, what protein is used to turn off transcription by binding to the operator sequence? post-transcription protein a repressor protein an initiator protein an inducible protein

a repressor protein

A transposon that relies on an RNA intermediate is called __________. RNA polymerase a retrotransposon a reverse transcriptase an RNA dependent transposon

a retrotransposon

All of the following viruses exhibit narrow tropism except ____________. human T-lymphotrophic viruses hepatitis B virus Zika virus Ebola virus

ebola

Which of the following does not rely on isotopes? Positron emission tomography (PET) scans Iodine-123 imaging nuclear medicine Electrolyte therapies

electrolyte therapies

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the prokaryotic nucleoid region? It is enclosed in a membrane. It is generally centralized in the cell. Contains RNA and proteins. It's the most likely place to find a circular chromosome in a cell.

enclosed in a membrane

Substances from the exterior environment enter eukaryotes through: Osmosis Diffusion Active transport Endocytosis

endocytosis

What bacterial structures are revealed through the use of heated malachite green and safranin? Capsules Flagella Endospores Ribosomes

endospores

The viral __________ is often comprised of the host cell membrane. capsid envelope capsomere spikes

envelope

Choose the false statement about enzymes. Enzyme activity can be affected by temperature and pH changes. Enzymes are only needed in small quantities. Enzymes are proteins. Enzymes are used up in a reaction.

enzymes are used up in a reaction

In DNA replication, protein factors are more heavily required for replication in __________. eukaryotic cells prokaryotic cells both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in neither eukaryotic nor prokaryotic cells.

eukaryotic cells

A chemical reaction in which one or more components are swapped between molecules is known as a(n) _________ reaction. hydrolysis exchange dehydration synthesis synthesis reaction

exchange

The process of removing incorrect nucleotides and replacing them with correct ones is referred to as __________. replication repair base substitution mutation correction excision repair

excision repair

Which of the following processes removes substances from the cell? Phagocytosis. Exocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis. Pinocytosis.

exocytosis

Which of the following are short protein structures that help prokaryotes stick to surfaces? Flagella. Pili. Fimbriae. Glycocalyx.

fimbriae

Which of the following bacterial structures is used to propel bacteria at high speeds? Glycocalyx. Pili. Fimbriae. Flagella.

flagella

All of the following describe 70S ribosomes except: They are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes. They are found in eukaryotic chloroplasts. They build proteins by linking together fatty acids. They are found in mitochondria.

found in cytoplasm of eukaryotes

Which of the following mutations is the most detrimental to the cell? missense mutation nonsense mutation silent mutation frameshift mutation

frameshift mutation

The core component of __________ cell walls is chitin. Prokaryotic Plant Protista Fungal

fungal

Chlorine usually exists as the anion Cl- because it has __________. lost an electron. gained an electron. lost a proton. shared an electron.

gained an electron

Mitosis is characterized by Sexual reproduction Haploid chromosomes Genetically identical cells Genetically unique cells

genetically identical cells

Which of the following is a carbohydrate substance that encourages bacterial adhesion to host tissues? Flagella. Fimbriae. Pili. Glycocalyx.

glycocalyx

Choose the true statement about Gram-negative versus Gram-positive cells. Gram-negative cells have teichoic acids while Gram-positive cells do not. Gram-negative cells are more resistant to penicillin-based drugs than Gram-positive cells. Gram-negative cells are better able to survive in a dry environment than Gram-positive cells. Gram-negative cells are more resistant to mechanical stress than Gram-positive cells.

gram neg more resistant to penicillin-based drugs

Select the false statement about Mycoplasma? They cause "walking pneumonia." They have a sterol-enriched plasma membrane. They have a cell wall. They normally live inside other cells.

have a cell wall

Which of the following is a characteristic of flatworms? Can be microscopic. Hermaphroditic. Non-segmented, elongated, and cylindrical. Sexual reproduction involving two sexes.

hermaphroditic

The process of transferring of genetic information between cells in the same generation is referred to as __________. vertical gene transfer asexual reproduction sexual reproduction horizontal gene transfer

horizontal gene transfer

The partial positive charge on the hydrogen end of a water molecule forms a __________ bond with the partial negative charge on the oxygen end of an adjacent water molecule. ionic polar covalent covalent hydrogen

hydrogen

A chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules using water is a(n) __________ reaction. hydrolysis dehydration synthesis exchange endergonic

hydrolysis

A micelle forms in water when the __________ component of the molecule is forced to the center of the structure. polar hydrophobic hydrophilic charged

hydrophobic

Which of the following would not readily dissolve in water? Polar substance Vitamin C Hydrophobic substance Hydrophilic substance

hydrophobic

Lophotrichous flagella are found: Periplasmic distributed all over the cell surface of the cell. in a cluster at one end pole of the cell. in a cluster at both ends of the cell.

in a cluster at one end pole of the cell

Distinct collections of substances inside prokaryotic cells are known as _________. the cytoskeleton inclusion bodies ribosomes the nucleoid region

inclusion bodies

An effective treatment for hepatitis B and hepatitis C is __________. acyclovir amantadine interferon-alfa azidothymidine

interferon-alfa right answer feedback:Interferon therapies have been used to treat hepatitis B and C infections in combination with other drugs.

In eukaryotic mRNA, there are sequences of mRNA that do NOT encode for specific amino acids and do NOT contribute to the protein. These sequences are called __________. introns promoters Okazaki fragments exons

introns

Na+ and Cl- in table salt are held together by __________ bonds. covalent hydrogen ionic polar covalent

ionic bonds

Which component of the light microscope modulates how much light is aimed at the specimen? Ocular lens Fine focus knob Condenser Iris diaphragm

iris diaphragm

Choose the single false statement about Mg2+ ? It was made by losing two electrons. It is an anion. It is an atom. It is a form of magnesium.

its an anion

Stress such as fever, sunburn, or hormone level changes can trigger the reactivation of a _________ viral infection. chronic latent acute oncogenic

latent

Biological macromolecules that include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids are __________. lipids proteins nucleic acids carbohydrates

lipids

Lytic bacteriophages use the enzyme __________ to break down host cell walls that allow the release of newly formed bacteriophage. neuraminidase DNAases reverse transcriptase lysozyme

lysozyme

Which of the following is not a characteristic of archaeal plasma membranes? The fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ether bond. They are made of linear fatty acids. They are made of long-branched fatty acids. They can form monolayer membranes.

made by linear fatty acids

Iatrogenic CJD is transmitted via __________. ingestion of contaminated water inheritance from parental genes medical intervention consumption of contaminated meat

medical intervention Latrogenic CJD has been traced to contaminated surgical instruments or tissue transplants from infected cadavers.

Which of the following is false regarding normal microbiota? Normal microbiota can include opportunistic pathogens Members of the normal microbiota cannot cause disease. Normal microbiota may colonize the host even before birth. Members of the normal microbiota make vitamins for the host.

members of the normal microbiota cannot cause disease

Organisms from the domains Bacteria and Archaea lack: membrane-bound organelles. cell membranes. nucleic acids. ribosomes.

membrane bound organelles

Which of the following is not an industrial use for microbes? Production of plastics Production of antibiotics Production of metal alloys Production of alcoholic beverages

metal alloys

Antigenic drift results from: genetic reassortment resulting from two influenza strains infecting the same host cell that results in major changes to HA and NA. minor changes to the influenza virus capsid resulting from frequent mutation of the influenza RNA genome. minor changes to HA and NA spikes resulting from frequent mutation of the influenza RNA genome. attenuation of the influenza virus within the host, resulting in an immune response but no symptoms of influenza.

minor changes to HA and NA spikes resulting from frequent mutation of the influenza RNA genome.

The organelle involved with making amino acids and vitamins, regulating cell division, and carrying out apoptosis is the __________. Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Golgi apparatus

mitochondria

A __________ is formed when two or more atoms of the same or different elements are bonded together. molecule isomer compound isotope

molecule

Which of the following is a description of a symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont is helpful to the host? Commensalism Antagonism Parasitism Mutualism

mutualism

Identifying acid-fast bacteria is important in diagnosing the presence of _________species, which include species that cause diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis. Bacillus Nocardia Clostridium Mycobacterium

mycobacterium

The __________ in acid-fast bacterial cell walls retain the carbol fuschin in the Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast staining method. lipopolysaccharide phospholipid mycolic acid peptidoglycan

mycolic acid

What compound in a bacterial cell wall makes it acid-fast? Nucleic acids. Fatty acids. Mycolic acid. Teichoic acid.

mycolic acid

A virus that can only infect humans would best be described as having a ______________. narrow tropism narrow host range broad tropism broad host range

narrow host range

An isotope of an element has a different number of ________. electron shells protons electrons neutrons.

neutrons

Where is the chromosomal DNA found in prokaryotic cells? nucleoid ribosome nucleolus nucleus

nucleoid

All of the following are common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes except: Cell wall Asexual cell division 70S ribosomes Nucleus

nucleus

The nucleolus, chromatin, and nucleoplasm are found in the __________. Mitochondria. Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Nucleus

nucleus

You have counted 38 bacterial colonies on the surface of a petri dish and recorded the number in your lab notebook. This is an example of a(n) __________. conclusion observation theory law

observation

Choose the true statement. Osmosis is a passive process. Osmosis requires transporter proteins. Osmosis is accurately described as the simple diffusion of water. Osmosis moves water from high solute to low solute concentration.

omsosis is passive

A(n) _________ only causes disease in a weakened host. opportunistic pathogen microbe true pathogen bacteriophage

opportunistic pathogen

Which of the following is the highest taxon for viruses? Order Phylum Domain Kingdom

order

Which of the following DNA virus families includes the viruses that cause warts and cervical cancer in humans? Herpesviridae Hepadnaviridae Poxviridae Papillomaviridae

papillomaviridae

Riboswitches are best defined as __________. parts of mRNA that are not translated and act as pre-transcription regulators parts of mRNA that are not translated and act as post-transcription regulators factors that block the ribosome from binding parts of mRNA that block the first tRNA from entering into the "A" site of the ribosome

parts of mRNA that are not translated and act as post-transcription regulators

Prophages sometimes provide bacteria with genes that encode pathogenicity factors through a process called _________. lytic replication lysogenic replication viral tropism phage conversion

phage conversion

Which of the following is also known as "cell eating"? Exocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Endocytosis

phagocytosis

Which functional group is found at the 5' end of DNA? phosphate group carboxyl group methyl group hydroxyl group

phosphate grou[

The prokaryotic plasma membrane is primarily made of____________. peptidoglycan. nucleic acids. carbohydrates. phospholipids.

phospholipids

Which of the following processes means "cell drinking"? Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Exocytosis Endocytosis

pinocytosis

Phytosterols are characteristic of the plasma membrane of __________ cells. Animal Fungi Prokaryotic Plant

plant

Phytosterols are characteristic of the plasma membrane of __________ cells. Prokaryotic Fungi Plant Animal

plant

Which of the following eukaryotic kingdoms does not contain organisms that are pathogenic to humans? Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista

plantae

Growth of bacteriophages on a lawn of bacteria is indicated by the presence of __________. agglutination reactions prophages plaques colonies

plaques

Which type of genetic material may be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and may contain genes conferring antibiotic resistance? plasmids mitochondrial DNA chromosomal DNA chloroplast DNA

plasmids

An ability to take on different shapes to enhance survival and/or ability to cause disease is called _______________. pleomorphism. morphology. pathogenicity. motility.

pleomorphism

The sequence of amino acids that make up a protein are known as the ____________ structure. primary tertiary secondary quaternary

primary

To start DNA replication, the origin of replication is recognized by a collection of factors called the __________. RNA primer Okazaki fragments primosome single-strand binding proteins

primosome

Choose the single true statement about equilibrium. The total amount of products and reactants is changing. The amount of product(s) and reactant(s) is equal. The reaction stops at equilibrium. Products and reactants form at an equal rate.

products and reactants form at an equal rate

One major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation is __________. prokaryotic translation involves polysomes, while eukaryotic translation does not prokaryotic translation is polycistronic, and eukaryotic translation is almost always monocistronic. prokaryotic translation involves three types of RNA, while eukaryotic translation involves two types of RNA prokaryotic translation requires more protein factors than eukaryotic translation

prokaryotic translation is polycistronic, and eukaryotic translation is almost always monocistronic

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton performs all of the following except: Transports vesicles. Protects against external forces. Protects the cell from stress. Moves chromosomes.

protects from stress

Select the single correct pairing of biomolecule and description. Nucleic acids: Chief energy source in cells Carbohydrates: Act as enzymes. Proteins: Encoded by genes in DNA. Lipids: Genetic material of a cell.

proteins

__________ comprise at least half the mass of a plasma membrane. Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Peptidoglycan

proteins

cDNA is a product of the action of __________. reverse transcriptase transferase RNA polymerase DNA polymerase

reverse transcriptase

RNA nucleotides are made of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base. Which sugar is unique to RNA nucleotides and NOT found in DNA nucleotides? fructose deoxyribose glucose ribose

ribose

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the eukaryotic flagellum? Wave-like motion Composed of tubulin Wrapped in membrane derived from the plasma membrane. Rotary motion

rotary

Which organelle is associated with protein modification? Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosomes

rough er

There are two nonstandard encoding amino acids: __________. cysteine and lysine methionine and leucine selenocysteine and pyrrolysine proline and glycine

selenocysteine and pyrrolysine

Which of the following transport mechanisms does not necessarily involve a membrane barrier? Osmosis. Facilitated diffusion. Active transport. Simple diffusion.

simple diffusion

Which of the following viral features does not contribute to their classification as nonliving? Their extremely small size Their acellular nature Their lack of metabolic processes Their inability to replicate on their own

small size

The kingdom Protista is sometimes referred to as the "catchall kingdom." All of the following describe characteristics of organisms in the kingdom of Protista except: Multicellular. Some are photosynthetic. Some only utilize RNA. Some are unicellular.

some utilize RNA only

Transduction that involves a temperate phage integrating into the host cell genome is called __________. localized transduction generalized transduction exchange transduction specialized transduction

specialized transduction

Viral __________ help viruses attach to and gain entry into host cells. spikes capsomeres Capsids envelopes

spikes Viral spikes are glycoprotein extensions that help viruses attach to and gain entry into host cells.

Frequent mutations in Influenza A change the protein makeup of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) __________. capsids spikes envelopes virions

spikes Influenza viruses mutate frequently and experience small changes in HA and NA spike proteins.

The idea that life comes from nonliving material is known as ___________________. biogenesis endosymbiosis spontaneous generation evolution

spontaneous generation

Organisms that form a cluster of sphere-shaped bacteria would be described as having a _________ arrangement. diplo palisades strep staph

staph

Which of the following is not a part of aseptic technique? Sterilizing surfaces in an operating room. Washing hands. Sterilizing instruments. Decontaminating surfaces.

sterilizing surfaces in an operating room

A genetic variant of a bacterium is known as a __________. mutant strain domain species

strain

An anticodon is found on __________. tRNA mRNA DNA rRNA

tRNA

Which type of RNA carries in amino acids and adds the amino acids to the "A" site in the ribosome? mRNA cRNA tRNA rRNA

tRNA

Which of the following does not belong to the kingdom Protista? Amoeba Algae Slime molds Tapeworms

tapeworms

Which of the following bacterial pathogenicity factors is not the result of phage conversion? Diphtheria toxin Tetanus toxin Cholera toxin Botulinum toxin

tetanus toxin

One of the most commonly used viral cell cultures is __________. the HeLa cell line live animal hosts bacterial cell cultures embryonated eggs

the HeLa cell line The HeLa cell line is a cancer cell line derived from a patient named Henrietta Lacks.

The term used by molecular biologists to describe the flow of genetic information from DNA, to RNA, to protein is __________. translation the central dogma of biology transcription gene expression

the central dogma of biology

In DNA replication, Okazaki fragments are required in synthesizing __________. the origin of replication both strands, because the fragments provide a starting point for DNA polymerase the lagging strand, because the DNA polymerase can move only in the 5' to 3' direction the leading strand, because the DNA polymerase can move only in the 5' to 3' direction

the lagging strand, because the DNA polymerase can move only in the 5' to 3' direction

The plaque assay allows researchers to determine __________. the number of lysogenic bacteriophage in a sample the type of phage conversion that has occurred in a sample the number of lytic bacteriophages in a sample the species of bacteriophage in a sample

the number of lytic bacteriophages in a sample

Viral tropism describes __________. the tissues or cells a virus can infect the capsid symmetry the genome architecture the collection of hosts a virus can infect

the tissues or cells a virus can infect viral specificity to tissues or the cells they infect is due to virus surface factors being able to bind to specific surface molecules on certain host cells.

A _________ explains how and why something occurs. conclusion hypothesis theory law

theory

Choose the false statement regarding prokaryotic cell. They have a DNA genome. They lack a nucleus. They are all unicellular microorganisms. They lack organelles.

they lack organelles

UV radiation can result in __________ in a cell's DNA. frameshift mutation silent mutation nonsense mutation thymine dimers

thymine dimers

The primary purpose of bacterial endospores is: to store excess materials. to allow the cell to move. to build proteins. to allow certain cells to enter a dormant state.

to allow certain cells to enter a dormant state.

Griffith's experiment proved that bacteria can take up naked DNA from the environment and use it as part of their genome. This process, which can occur in a laboratory or in a natural setting, is called __________. transposition conjugation transformation transduction

transformation

If a bacterial cell with an intact cell wall is placed in a hypertonic solution it will____________. absorb water from the environment, but not lyse. absorb water from the environment and lyse. not experience a change. undergo plasmolysis.

undergo plasmolysis. :Cells in hypertonic solutions lose water to the environment and undergo plasmolysis. Cells in hypotonic solutions expand and take on water, but if their cell wall is intact, they will not lyse.

Organisms that are adapted to survive in cold temperatures have a higher proportion of __________ in the lipid bilayer. saturated fatty acids lipoproteins glycoproteins unsaturated fatty acids

unsaturated

Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not DNA? Adenine Cytosine Uracil Guanine

uracil

Which of the following nucleotides is found only in RNA and not in DNA? adenine uracil cytosine guanine

uracil

Retroviruses produce mRNA by: using reverse transcriptase to convert single- stranded RNA (ssRNA) to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and then using the dsDNA for transcription. using virally encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerases to build a new RNA from an existing RNA template. unwinding double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and then transcribing it into an mRNA format. translating the viral RNA genome as mRNA. Question12

using reverse transcriptase to convert single- stranded RNA (ssRNA) to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and then using the dsDNA for transcription

__________ contain mainly water and other substances and are mainly found in plants, fungi, and certain prokaryotes and protists. Lysosomes Vacuoles Peroxisomes Secretory vesicles

vacuoles

Which of the following is most likely to be transferred in a chemical reaction? Proton Electron from a filled orbital Valence electron Valence shell

valence e

A __________ is a single particle made up of genetic material encased in a protein shell. capsid capsomere virion spike

virion

Proteins provide cells with the necessary equipment to perform normal cellular activity. Without gene expression the cell __________. would die would still be able to reproduce would still be able to metabolize substrates could function with minimal capabilities

would die

All of the following are anti-HIV drugs except ____________. protease inhibitors zanamivir azidothymidine enfuviritide

zanamivir ACTUALLY used to combat influenza

Which is the most effective method for culturing viruses used in the development of the influenza and mumps vaccine? Live animal hosts White blood cell lines Embryonated eggs Bacterial cultures

Embryonated eggs right answer feedback:Embryonated eggs are used to grow the influenza virus, the mumps virus, and other viruses.

Which is not a reason why endospore-forming bacteria pose challenges in healthcare settings? Endospores are resistant to antibiotics. Endospores are only produced by Gram-positive organisms. Endospores are resistant to heat. Endospores can survive for extended periods on surfaces.

Endospores are only produced by Gram-positive organisms. There are some Gram-negative cells that can form endospores, such as Sporomusa ovate

The size of most prokaryotes is between: 0.5 and 2.0 mm 0.5 and 2.0 cm 0.5 and 2.0 nm. 0.5 and 2.0 μm.

0.5 and 2.0 μm.

Which of the following numbers on the pH scale represents an extremely acidic solution? 6 13 8 2

2

Which of Koch's postulates involves isolating an organism from the diseased host and growing it in pure culture? Koch's third postulate Koch's first postulate Koch's second postulate Koch's fourth postulate

2nd

Put the stages of binary fission in the correct order: 1. Copied chromosomes separate to opposite ends of the cell. 2. Septum begins to form near the midpoint of the cell. 3. Cell prepares to divide and copies its chromosome. 4. Septum walls off the two daughter cells. 5. Cell reaches a critical size. 1-2-3-4-5 3-1-5-2-4 3-5-1-2-4 2-4-5-3-1

3-1-5-2-4

The 80S ribosome is composed of each of the following except: 60S subunit Ribosomal RNA 40S subunit. 30S subunit

30S subunit

Which of the following indicates calcium's atomic mass? 40.078 Ca2+ 20 Ca

40.078

Which of the following indicates carbon's atomic number? 12.011 6 14C C

6

Which of the following is a correctly written version of a scientific name? E. Coli Escherichia Coli escherichia coli E. coli

E. coli

All of the following are limitations of ELISA and agglutination assays except: ELISA and agglutination assays aren't adaptable to antigenic shift or drift. ELISA and agglutination assays must be tested in a liquid. ELISA and agglutination assays are ineffective during the early stages of infection. ELISA and agglutination assays lack specificity.

ELISA and agglutination assays lack specificity. right answer feedback:If the tests are well characterized, ELISA and agglutination assays have high specificity.

Which of the following diagnostic tests paired with their descriptions is mismatched? Latex agglutination test: detects viral antigens ELISA: detects antibodies or antigens with a precipitation reaction PCR: detects viral nucleic acid Latex agglutination test: detects antibodies

ELISA: detects antibodies or antigens with a precipitation reaction ELISAs adhere the antigen or antibody to a surface and usually change color if there is binding.

Which organelle is connected to the nuclear membrane? Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria. Vesicles Golgi apparatus

ER

Choose the false statement about electrolytes: Electrolyte imbalances can result from kidney disease. Electrolytes can be lost through excessive sweating Electrolytes can be lost through episodes of diarrhea. Electrolyte imbalances are difficult to treat.

Electrolyte imbalances are difficult to treat.

Choose the false statement. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses use RNA-dependent RNA polymerases to build mRNA. Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses transcribe their genome using host cell RNA polymerases. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses rely on viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases to transcribe viral mRNA. Single-stranded sense RNA (ssRNA+) viruses have genomes that are directly readable as mRNA.

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses use RNA-dependent RNA polymerases to build mRNA. You found the false statement. Certain RNA viruses use RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, not DNA viruses.

Which of the following is not a benefit of small size to prokaryotes? A small size allows them to inhabit diverse ecological niches. A small size has the greatest surface area to volume ratio. A small size allows them an increased chance for survival. Small size allows for greater genetic complexity.

Small size allows for greater genetic complexity.

Gamogony is the sexual phase of reproduction of ________. Amoeboid protozoans Spore-forming protozoans Flagellated protozoans Ciliated protozoans

Spore-forming protozoans

Which of the following is an asexual fungal spore? Basidiospores Sporangiospores Zygospores Ascospores

Sporingiospores

Bacteria that have a rod shape are called _________. spirochetes cocci vibrios bacilli

bacilli

Periplasmic flagella are located: all over the cell surface. between the plasma membrane and the cell wall. at both poles of the cell. clustered at one pole of the cell.

between the plasma membrane and the cell wall.

Most prokaryotic cells reproduce through _________. binary fission. mitosis. meiosis. replication.

binary fission

Which of the following is not a role of the eukaryotic glycocalyx? Biofilm production. Protecting the cell from stress. Assisting with cellular communication Proper tissue development

biofilm production

Which of the following is not a role of the eukaryotic glycocalyx? Proper tissue development Assisting with cellular communication Biofilm production. Protecting the cell from stress.

biofilm production

Choose the false statement about biofilms. Most infectious diseases in humans are caused by biofilm-creating microbes. Biofilms are involved in causing dental caries. Biofilms are easily treated using antibiotics. Biofilms may be made up of one species of microbe.

can be treated using antibiotics

Biological macromolecules that follow the general molecular formula (CH2O)n are __________. proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates

carbs

The avian influenza virus host range includes all of the following except ______. humans swine geese cattle

cattle or other ruminants

Which organelle builds microtubules? Nucleus Ribosome Mitochondria Centrosome

centrosome

Which of the following describes conidiospores? Chains of spores not enclosed in a sac. Haploid gametes found at the tips of hyphae. Haploid gametes form within a sac. Bud off a pedestal structure.

chaines of spores not enclosed in a sac

Sophisticated proteins require __________ to help with folding into the final protein structure. alpha-helices proteases chaperones beta-pleated sheets

chaperones

In __________ viral infections, there is a continuous release of virions over time and a slow progression of disease. latent chronic acute oncogenic

chronic

Which of the following does not describe a eukaryote? Membrane-bound organelles Sterol-containing plasma membrane. Unicellular Circular DNA

circular DNA

Which of the following suggests mitochondria evolved from prokaryotic ancestors? Cristae Circular DNA Matrix 70S ribosomes

circular dna

If a cell is to be transformed in a lab, the cell must be __________ to uptake the available genetic information. exposed to a virus equipped with a pilus competent killed

competent

The exchange of genetic information by use of a pilus and cell-to-cell interaction is called __________. transformation transposons transduction conjugation

conjugation

During optimum conditions, E. coli will replicate every 20 minutes. Because the genes required for replication are needed as part of a routine function, these genes are considered __________. constitutive genes operator genes facultative genes repressible genes

constitutive genes