Micro Final

The best definition of endosymbiosis is ________.

A pre-eukaryotic cell was infected by a prokaryote, and symbiosis between the two cell types gave rise to the modern-day eukaryotic cells.

Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized by white blood cells?

Capsule

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes ________.

DNA from RNA

What are the risks to society when herd immunity is not maintained?

Dangerous pathogens can reemerge and outbreaks of diseases may develop.

Which of the following is not associated with every virus?

Envelope

Which activity is an example of biotechnology?

Escherichia coli producing human insulin

Which area of biology states that living things undergo gradual, structural, and functional changes over long periods of time?

Evolution

A specific animal virus has the ability to attach to and enter almost any animal host cell.

False

All microorganisms are considered pathogens.

False

Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells have outer membranes.

False

Glycoprotein spikes are essential for mediating the release stage of the viral life cycle.

False

Gram-negative bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

False

Influenza is predominantly transmitted by the fecal-oral route.

False

The nuclear envelope is a single layer.

False

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?

Lack cell structure

Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?

Made up of cilia

Which of the following is not a function of the eukaryote glycocalyx?

Movement

Which is incorrect about hepatitis A infection?

Predisposes a person for liver cancer

Which of the following pertains to both tetanus and foodborne botulism?

Treatment involves antitoxin therapy

All mutations are detrimental to the cell.

True

Endospores of certain bacterial species can enter tissues in the human body, germinate, and cause an infectious disease.

True

Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

True

Impetigo involves itching papules that break and form a very contagious honey-colored crust.

True

Neonatal meningitis is almost always a result of an infection transmitted by the mother, either in utero or during the birthing process.

True

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes.

True

Some bacteria have a cytoskeleton of protein polymers to help maintain their shape.

True

Spikes are glycoproteins of the virus capsid.

True

The presence of organic matter such as saliva and pus can interfere with the actions of disinfectants.

True

Viruses are unable to multiply outside of a host cell.

True

Viruses are used to produce vaccines for prevention of certain viral infections.

True

When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities of the host cell.

True

Characteristics of Bacillus anthracis include all the following except ________.

a one-time vaccine provides lifelong immunity

The antifungal drug that can be injected to treat serious systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis, is _____.

amphotericin B

The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of _____.

antisepsis

Protozoan cysts ________.

are helpful in surviving unfavorable conditions

Gram-negative bacteria

are less susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms.

Plasmids __________

are often the site of pathogenic genes

The two functions of bacterial appendages are ________.

attachment and motility

Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of _____.

bioremediation

Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus _____.

capsid

Virus capsids are made from subunits called _____.

capsomeres

Staphylococcus can be differentiated from Streptococcus by the ________.

catalase test

Opportunistic pathogens

cause disease in compromised individuals.

When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing mitosis, the DNA and its associated proteins appear as a visible network of dark fibers called the _____.

chromatin

The _______ system of blood proteins acts to lyse foreign cells and viruses.

complement

All of the following pertain to platelets except they ________.

contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Viral genetic studies, vaccine development and clinical identification would not be possible without the ability to ________.

culture viruses in vivo and in vitro

During unfavorable growth conditions, many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called a(n) _____.

cyst

Satellite viruses are ________.

dependent on other viruses for replication

Movement of any molecule along its concentration gradient is termed.

diffusion

An ideal antiviral drug would be one that ________.

disrupted an integral viral process while causing little damage to the host cell

The cell's series of tunnel-like membranes functioning in transport and storage are the _____.

endoplasmic reticulum

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called _____.

fimbriae

Fungal spores differ from bacterial endospores in that ________.

fungal spores are reproductive, whereas bacterial endospores are for survival

Cryptococcus neoformans is a ________.

fungus

When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called _____.

genetic engineering

Lysozyme is most effective against _____.

gram-positive organisms

The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is that they ________.

have a predominance of unique, waxy lipids

The long, threadlike branching cells of molds are called _____.

hyphae

In _____ conditions, the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting.

hypotonic

Campylobacter infection has all of the following characteristics except it ________.

is caused by a shiga toxin

Since the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems are not directly accessible to microbes ________.

it was initially believed that the systems lacked normal biota, however low levels of microbes may exist in the healthy state

The enzyme _______, found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls.

lysozyme

Oral lesions called Koplik's spots are seen in patients with ________.

measles

Viruses have all the following except ________.

metabolism

There are nine peripheral pairs and one central pair of _______ found inside eukaryotic flagella.

microtubules

A permanent, inheritable change in the genetic information is called _____.

mutation

The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body of a mold is a _____.

mycelium

Fungal infections are known as ________ and can be acquired from environmental or clinical sources.

mycoses

Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are _____.

oncoviruses

All bacterial cells have ________.

one or more chromosomes

Helminths are _____.

parasitic worms

Disease-causing microorganisms are called _____.

pathogens

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called _____.

periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)

The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the _____.

phospholipids

Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called _____.

plaques

The passageways in the nuclear envelope for movement of substances to and from the nucleus and cytoplasm are called nuclear ________.

pores

Cells, like bacteria and archaea, that do not have a nucleus in their cells have traditionally been called _____.

prokaryotes

The function of bacterial endospores is ________.

protection of genetic material during harsh conditions

MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except ________.

red blood cells

Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during _____.

release

The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the _____.

reservoir

Most fungi obtain nutrients from dead plants and animals. These fungi are called _____.

saprobes

The alpha helix is a type of _____ protein structure.

secondary

When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients, it is called _____.

synergism

ATP is best described as _____.

the energy molecule of cells

Naturally-produced penicillin's are most effective against gram-positive bacteria because _______.

they prevent the synthesis of peptidoglycan which comprises the gram-positive cell wall

The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cell to a live, competent recipient cell that results in a changed recipient cell is _____.

transformation

Viral tissue specificities are called _____.

tropisms

Host range is limited by ________.

type of host cell receptors on cell membrane

Infected animals shed Leptospira in their ________.

urine

Lysogeny refers to ________.

viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome

The development of antiviral drug therapy is difficult because ________.

viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the host cell can be harmed by the drug