Micro Final
The best definition of endosymbiosis is ________.
A pre-eukaryotic cell was infected by a prokaryote, and symbiosis between the two cell types gave rise to the modern-day eukaryotic cells.
Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized by white blood cells?
Capsule
Reverse transcriptase synthesizes ________.
DNA from RNA
What are the risks to society when herd immunity is not maintained?
Dangerous pathogens can reemerge and outbreaks of diseases may develop.
Which of the following is not associated with every virus?
Envelope
Which activity is an example of biotechnology?
Escherichia coli producing human insulin
Which area of biology states that living things undergo gradual, structural, and functional changes over long periods of time?
Evolution
A specific animal virus has the ability to attach to and enter almost any animal host cell.
False
All microorganisms are considered pathogens.
False
Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells have outer membranes.
False
Glycoprotein spikes are essential for mediating the release stage of the viral life cycle.
False
Gram-negative bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
False
Influenza is predominantly transmitted by the fecal-oral route.
False
The nuclear envelope is a single layer.
False
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?
Lack cell structure
Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?
Made up of cilia
Which of the following is not a function of the eukaryote glycocalyx?
Movement
Which is incorrect about hepatitis A infection?
Predisposes a person for liver cancer
Which of the following pertains to both tetanus and foodborne botulism?
Treatment involves antitoxin therapy
All mutations are detrimental to the cell.
True
Endospores of certain bacterial species can enter tissues in the human body, germinate, and cause an infectious disease.
True
Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
True
Impetigo involves itching papules that break and form a very contagious honey-colored crust.
True
Neonatal meningitis is almost always a result of an infection transmitted by the mother, either in utero or during the birthing process.
True
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes.
True
Some bacteria have a cytoskeleton of protein polymers to help maintain their shape.
True
Spikes are glycoproteins of the virus capsid.
True
The presence of organic matter such as saliva and pus can interfere with the actions of disinfectants.
True
Viruses are unable to multiply outside of a host cell.
True
Viruses are used to produce vaccines for prevention of certain viral infections.
True
When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities of the host cell.
True
Characteristics of Bacillus anthracis include all the following except ________.
a one-time vaccine provides lifelong immunity
The antifungal drug that can be injected to treat serious systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis, is _____.
amphotericin B
The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of _____.
antisepsis
Protozoan cysts ________.
are helpful in surviving unfavorable conditions
Gram-negative bacteria
are less susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms.
Plasmids __________
are often the site of pathogenic genes
The two functions of bacterial appendages are ________.
attachment and motility
Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of _____.
bioremediation
Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus _____.
capsid
Virus capsids are made from subunits called _____.
capsomeres
Staphylococcus can be differentiated from Streptococcus by the ________.
catalase test
Opportunistic pathogens
cause disease in compromised individuals.
When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing mitosis, the DNA and its associated proteins appear as a visible network of dark fibers called the _____.
chromatin
The _______ system of blood proteins acts to lyse foreign cells and viruses.
complement
All of the following pertain to platelets except they ________.
contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Viral genetic studies, vaccine development and clinical identification would not be possible without the ability to ________.
culture viruses in vivo and in vitro
During unfavorable growth conditions, many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called a(n) _____.
cyst
Satellite viruses are ________.
dependent on other viruses for replication
Movement of any molecule along its concentration gradient is termed.
diffusion
An ideal antiviral drug would be one that ________.
disrupted an integral viral process while causing little damage to the host cell
The cell's series of tunnel-like membranes functioning in transport and storage are the _____.
endoplasmic reticulum
The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called _____.
fimbriae
Fungal spores differ from bacterial endospores in that ________.
fungal spores are reproductive, whereas bacterial endospores are for survival
Cryptococcus neoformans is a ________.
fungus
When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called _____.
genetic engineering
Lysozyme is most effective against _____.
gram-positive organisms
The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is that they ________.
have a predominance of unique, waxy lipids
The long, threadlike branching cells of molds are called _____.
hyphae
In _____ conditions, the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting.
hypotonic
Campylobacter infection has all of the following characteristics except it ________.
is caused by a shiga toxin
Since the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems are not directly accessible to microbes ________.
it was initially believed that the systems lacked normal biota, however low levels of microbes may exist in the healthy state
The enzyme _______, found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls.
lysozyme
Oral lesions called Koplik's spots are seen in patients with ________.
measles
Viruses have all the following except ________.
metabolism
There are nine peripheral pairs and one central pair of _______ found inside eukaryotic flagella.
microtubules
A permanent, inheritable change in the genetic information is called _____.
mutation
The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body of a mold is a _____.
mycelium
Fungal infections are known as ________ and can be acquired from environmental or clinical sources.
mycoses
Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are _____.
oncoviruses
All bacterial cells have ________.
one or more chromosomes
Helminths are _____.
parasitic worms
Disease-causing microorganisms are called _____.
pathogens
Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called _____.
periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)
The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the _____.
phospholipids
Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called _____.
plaques
The passageways in the nuclear envelope for movement of substances to and from the nucleus and cytoplasm are called nuclear ________.
pores
Cells, like bacteria and archaea, that do not have a nucleus in their cells have traditionally been called _____.
prokaryotes
The function of bacterial endospores is ________.
protection of genetic material during harsh conditions
MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except ________.
red blood cells
Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during _____.
release
The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the _____.
reservoir
Most fungi obtain nutrients from dead plants and animals. These fungi are called _____.
saprobes
The alpha helix is a type of _____ protein structure.
secondary
When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients, it is called _____.
synergism
ATP is best described as _____.
the energy molecule of cells
Naturally-produced penicillin's are most effective against gram-positive bacteria because _______.
they prevent the synthesis of peptidoglycan which comprises the gram-positive cell wall
The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cell to a live, competent recipient cell that results in a changed recipient cell is _____.
transformation
Viral tissue specificities are called _____.
tropisms
Host range is limited by ________.
type of host cell receptors on cell membrane
Infected animals shed Leptospira in their ________.
urine
Lysogeny refers to ________.
viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome
The development of antiviral drug therapy is difficult because ________.
viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the host cell can be harmed by the drug