Micro SmartBook Ch. 19

The main signs and symptoms of pharyngitis include which of the following?

reddened mucosa in the throat swollen tonsils pain and swelling of the throat

The _________ ________ virus causes colds in most people, but can cause a potentially devastating infection in children and neonates.

respiratory syncytial

How long is the incubation period for influenza?

1-4 days

Only what percent of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case?

5-10

Streptomycin was discovered in what year?

1943

H1N1 caused a limited pandemic in which year?

2009

What percent of the world's population is currently infected with tuberculosis?

25

Prevnar is a _________ vaccine against S. pneumoniae and is part of recommended childhood preventative care.

Conjugated

Influenza begins in the ________ respiratory tract.

Upper

Which of the following describes the M. tuberculosis cell wall?

contains cord factor; contains waxes; contains mycolic acid; difficult to stain

In addition to rhinoviruses, identify other viruses that are major causes of the common cold

coronavirus adenovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Influenza A viruses are named according to which of the following?

differing H and N spikes

As a tuberculosis infection progresses, tubercles break down into which of the following?

necrotic caseous lesions

________ TB is mostly asymptomatic.

primary

Which main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia?

bacteria, viruses, fungi

Influenza viruses bind to which cell type to initiate infection?

ciliated cells of respiratory tract

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses are all major causes of which of the following?

common cold

Which is the most common place for infectious agents to gain access to the human body?

respiratory tract

The upper respiratory tract includes which of the following structures?

sinuses, larynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, epiglottis, pharynx

Vaccination against which of the following has been recommended as part of the childhood vaccination schedule to prevent the most common cause of acute otitis media?

streptococcus pneumoniae

The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a

tubercle

The most common cause of pharyngitis is/are which of the following?

Common cold viruses

Which component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall is related to its virulence and causes a particular style of growth?

Cord factor

Binding of influenza causes rapid shedding of ciliated epithelia, removing the protective mechanism of ciliary clearance. Sometimes the immune system responds too aggressively, resulting in a " _______ _________" that leads to more severe irritation and inflammation of the lungs.

Cytokine storm

Sinusitis is most commonly caused by which three of the following?

allergy infection structural problems

Which cells are the first to mount an attack on the TB bacterium?

alveolar macrophages

Failure of the patient to adhere to the antibiotic treatment regimen against tuberculosis can lead to ________ resistance

antibiotic

Primary TB may present with which of the following signs?

mild fever formation of tubercles

Caseous lesions heal by _____.

Calcification

Secondary tuberculosis is also called _________ tuberculosis

Deactivation

Without treatment, the majority of patients with ________ TB will die

Secondary

Which of the following organs are most commonly involved in extrapulmonary TB?

-lymph nodes -kidneys -long bones -genital tract -brain -meninges

What is the approximate percent of mortality of untreated secondary tuberculosis?

60

What caused the decline of TB cases in the 1940s?

Discovery of streptomycin

"The flu" includes which of the following?

Diseases caused by the influenza virus

Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through fine _________ of respiratory mucus suspended in the air.

Droplets

Which of the following is the mode of transmission for TB?

Droplets

Patient noncompliance in tuberculosis therapy leads to which of the following?

Emergence of drug-resistant strains

_________ staining shows luminescent yellow-green bacteria against a dark background.

Fluorescence

The spikes of SARSCoV-2 are composed of ________.

Glycoproteins

85% of all cases of tuberculosis are contained in which of the following?

Lungs

The large influx of mononuclear cells into the ______ play a key role in the formation of infectious sites called tubercles in TB.

Lungs

Alveolar _________ phagocytize Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells but the bacteria continue to multiply inside of these cells.

Macrophages

MIS-C, a post COVID19 complication, in some patients stands for ________-________ ________ syndrome

Multi-system inflammatory

Which is the best description of the occurrence of influenza as a contagious respiratory illness in temperate climates?

Occurs with seasonal regularity

Choose all of the correct statements regarding pharyngitis.

Pharyngitis caused by bacteria is severely painful. Pharyngitis caused by bacteria may be accompanied by nausea.

Complications of influenza infection include which of the following?

Pneumonia Secondary bacterial infections

The cord factor of M. tuberculosis is associated with virulent strains and causes the organism to form _______ cords while growing

Serpentine

Pharyngitis can be caused by which of the following?

Sinus drainage mechanical irritation viral infection bacterial infection

Inflammation of any of the four pairs of air sacs in the cranial bones is also known as which of the following?

Sinusitis

Which of the following describes M. tuberculosis?

Strict aerobe, long rod, gen time of 15-20 hours, acid fast

Which describes the current rates of TB worldwide?

They are increasing

True or false: Organisms that have the potential to cause serious disease are often members of the microbial population in the upper respiratory tract, but may not actually cause disease in the host.

True

The ____________ respiratory tract contains a large population of commensal microorganisms.

Upper

Pharyngitis is most commonly caused by which of the following?

Virus

The highest incidence of influenza in the United States occurs during the _______ months

Winter

Which of the following groups are more at risk for MIS-C that follows a COVID-19 infection?

Young adults and children

Individuals with untreated tuberculosis _____.

have a normal lifespan

________-associated pneumonias are acquired by individuals receiving treatment in medical facilities.

healthcare

The signs and symptoms of secondary TB include which of the following?

night sweats loss of appetite weight loss violent coughing bloody/green sputum low-grade fever chest pain fatigue

Following an influenza infection, the patient may experience fatigue for approximately how long?

Days to weeks

Which two population groups are most likely to experience extrapulmonary tuberculosis?

Young children, immunocompromised

The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered _______-________ because it is difficult to stain

acid fast

What must an organism be able to do to cause pneumonia?

penetrate the lower respiratory tract survive the immune defenses

Which of the following is another name for whooping cough?

pertussis

Inflammation of the throat is known as

pharyngitis

COVID-19 was first recognized with which of the following?

pneumonia manifestations

In the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid-fast organisms will appear what color?

red

Which of the following agents usually causes minor colds in most patients, but can lead to a serious respiratory infection in young children?

respiratory syncytial virus

Why do physicians distinguish between nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia?

they are transmitted by different types of bacteria They are transmitted differently