Microbio ch. 1
each have a unique set of
RNA
viroids consist of what genetic material
RNA
MERS emerged in
Saudi Arabia
THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
Started with Pasteur's work, discoveries included relationship between microbes, diseases, immunity, fermentation, antimicrobial drugs
viruses are surrounded by what
a protein coat
pathogens can
damage tissues which leads to disease symptoms
what did this experiment do
it ended arguments that unheated air or broths contained vital force" necessary for spontaneous generation
define microbiome
microbial community in a particular niche
what were the Needham results
microbial growth
microbes
microorganisms and acellular agents (viroids, viruses and prions)
the germ theory of disease
microorganisms may be the cause of certain diseases
their eggs and larval are
microscopic
How do they work?
misfolded versions of normal cellular proteins that cause normal versions to misfold
eukarya can be ___ while bacteria and archaea are
multicellular or uni, unicellular
Does it have a protein coat?
no
what was spallanzanis results
no microbial growth
what type of cell wall do protozoa have
none
describe experiment
one covered one opened one with gauze
boiled broth remains sterile despite
opening to air
fungi use what type of material for energy
organic material
helminths use what for energy
organic material
protozoa use what for energy
organic material
biogenesis
organisms has to come from preexisting life
microorganisms
organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye
how do they replicate
use machinery and nutrients of host cells
bioremediation=
using microbe to hasten decay of pollutants
as global warming increases we see a rise in
vector born diseases
Francesco redi demonstrated what
worms on rotting meat came from eggs of flies landing on meet
are antibiotics available
yes
are eukarya and archaea more similar to each other than archaea and bacteria?
yes
what biofuels can bacteria synthesize
-ethanol -hydrogen gas -oil
commercial benefits
-food production -biodegradation
what are 2 characteristics of fungi
-have chitin cell walls -have mycelia consisting of filamental hyphae
what are some benefits of microbes
-nitrogen fixation -oxygen production -degradation of materials
why do we have reemerging diseases
-people fear vaccines -overuse of antibiotics -increased resistance to antimicrobials -changes in population structure -increased movement of people and goods
what are some benefits of human microbiomes
-prevent diseases by competing with pathogens -promote development of immune system response -help in digestion
in soil
1 billion bacteria
how much in beeg
1 million bacteria/gram
less than ____ can be cultured; others are characterized by ____
1% DNA sequencing
list the steps
1) broths sterilized- air esscapes from open end of flask 2) broth allowed to cool slowly as air enters, microorganisms from air settle in bend 3) briefly stays sterile indefinitely 4) broth titled so that the sterile broth comes in contact with microorganims from air 5) bacteria multiply in broth
Sever acute respiratory syndrom emerged in
China
Viruses consist of what type of genetic material
DNA or RNA
Ebola virus disease originated in
Dominican Republic of Congo
who discovered endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
what was the difference in sealing for needham and spallanzani
N sealed with corkscrew L sealed by melting and then heated
what can they degrade
PCB's, DDT, trichloroethylene
how did we get rid of it
control of rodent population harboring bacterium
what does it also refer to
the total genetic content of a microbial community
what 2 other important things can they make
-antibiotics -amino acids
what are some characteristics of protozoa
-can be motile, move via pseudopods, cilia, flagella -found in both terrestrial and aquatic environments
why are there emerging infectious diseases
-changing lifestyles -changes in population structures (weak immune systems of elderly) -horizontal gene transfers -increased movement of people and goods -ecological changes
how many individuals died and when
1/3 Europe population 1346-1350
how many deaths over how many years
10 million 4000
in a drop of water there are
10 million viruses 1 million bacteria 1000 protozoan
fewer than ___ die worldwide
100
on human body
100 trillion microbes
influenza in ____-____ killed ___ and ___ million people
1918-1919 20 and 40 million
first use of penicillin was in
1940
no reported cases since
1977
what abotu death
200,000
human microbiome project started in ___ and what did it accomplish
2007 DNA sequencing studies to characterize microbial communities that inhabit the human body
how much magnification was in the first microscope made
300x
each person sheds
37 million microbes per hour
how many infections each year
750 million
who got killed
Aztecs in New World
what are some recent one
MERS SARS Ebola virus disease
when was the science of microbiology born and who promoted it
antony van leeuwenhoek 1674
which domain has a cell wall containing peptidoglycan
bacteria
which 2 domains are unicellular
bacteria and archaea
John Needham did what
boiled nutrient broth briefly and then poured it into covered flasks
Lazzaro Spallanzani did what
boiled nutrient solution for longer periods and themelted flask mouth
microorganism are ____ whereas microbes
cell-based include acellular as well
what type of cell wall do algae have
cellulose
aureus
color
emergine infectious diseases
continue to arise
bacteria genus named after scientist
e.coli shigella dysenteriae
what goes second
epithet or species name
smallpox was
eradicated
Louis Pasteur
father of modern microbiology
myces
funges
What goes first
genus
old friend hypothesis
if you come into contact with microbes, the next time your immune system will respond much quicker to them.
prions consist of
protein, no DNA or RNA.
what are some individuals in eukarya
protists: (single celled) -algae -protozoa -fungi -helmniths
Plague is ___ a problem now
rarely
who invented the first microscope
robert hooke in 1665
helminths include what type of worms
roundworms tapeworms flukes
what are effective antimicrobial treatments
sanitation, vaccination
algae use what for energy
sunlight
if pasteur had done it with hay it would have
supported the idea of spontaneous generation
what are endospores
survival form of bacteria extremely resistant to heat.
how did he demonstrate biogenesis
swan-neck flask
he demonstrated what?
that air is filled with microorganisms
who was John Tyndall and what did he show
that sterilizing broths require different times
acellular infectious agents propagate in
the infected host and spread to new hosts, even though they are not considered as living organisms