Microbio ch. 1

each have a unique set of

RNA

viroids consist of what genetic material

RNA

MERS emerged in

Saudi Arabia

THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

Started with Pasteur's work, discoveries included relationship between microbes, diseases, immunity, fermentation, antimicrobial drugs

viruses are surrounded by what

a protein coat

pathogens can

damage tissues which leads to disease symptoms

what did this experiment do

it ended arguments that unheated air or broths contained vital force" necessary for spontaneous generation

define microbiome

microbial community in a particular niche

what were the Needham results

microbial growth

microbes

microorganisms and acellular agents (viroids, viruses and prions)

the germ theory of disease

microorganisms may be the cause of certain diseases

their eggs and larval are

microscopic

How do they work?

misfolded versions of normal cellular proteins that cause normal versions to misfold

eukarya can be ___ while bacteria and archaea are

multicellular or uni, unicellular

Does it have a protein coat?

no

what was spallanzanis results

no microbial growth

what type of cell wall do protozoa have

none

describe experiment

one covered one opened one with gauze

boiled broth remains sterile despite

opening to air

fungi use what type of material for energy

organic material

helminths use what for energy

organic material

protozoa use what for energy

organic material

biogenesis

organisms has to come from preexisting life

microorganisms

organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye

how do they replicate

use machinery and nutrients of host cells

bioremediation=

using microbe to hasten decay of pollutants

as global warming increases we see a rise in

vector born diseases

Francesco redi demonstrated what

worms on rotting meat came from eggs of flies landing on meet

are antibiotics available

yes

are eukarya and archaea more similar to each other than archaea and bacteria?

yes

what biofuels can bacteria synthesize

-ethanol -hydrogen gas -oil

commercial benefits

-food production -biodegradation

what are 2 characteristics of fungi

-have chitin cell walls -have mycelia consisting of filamental hyphae

what are some benefits of microbes

-nitrogen fixation -oxygen production -degradation of materials

why do we have reemerging diseases

-people fear vaccines -overuse of antibiotics -increased resistance to antimicrobials -changes in population structure -increased movement of people and goods

what are some benefits of human microbiomes

-prevent diseases by competing with pathogens -promote development of immune system response -help in digestion

in soil

1 billion bacteria

how much in beeg

1 million bacteria/gram

less than ____ can be cultured; others are characterized by ____

1% DNA sequencing

list the steps

1) broths sterilized- air esscapes from open end of flask 2) broth allowed to cool slowly as air enters, microorganisms from air settle in bend 3) briefly stays sterile indefinitely 4) broth titled so that the sterile broth comes in contact with microorganims from air 5) bacteria multiply in broth

Sever acute respiratory syndrom emerged in

China

Viruses consist of what type of genetic material

DNA or RNA

Ebola virus disease originated in

Dominican Republic of Congo

who discovered endospores

Ferdinand Cohn

what was the difference in sealing for needham and spallanzani

N sealed with corkscrew L sealed by melting and then heated

what can they degrade

PCB's, DDT, trichloroethylene

how did we get rid of it

control of rodent population harboring bacterium

what does it also refer to

the total genetic content of a microbial community

what 2 other important things can they make

-antibiotics -amino acids

what are some characteristics of protozoa

-can be motile, move via pseudopods, cilia, flagella -found in both terrestrial and aquatic environments

why are there emerging infectious diseases

-changing lifestyles -changes in population structures (weak immune systems of elderly) -horizontal gene transfers -increased movement of people and goods -ecological changes

how many individuals died and when

1/3 Europe population 1346-1350

how many deaths over how many years

10 million 4000

in a drop of water there are

10 million viruses 1 million bacteria 1000 protozoan

fewer than ___ die worldwide

100

on human body

100 trillion microbes

influenza in ____-____ killed ___ and ___ million people

1918-1919 20 and 40 million

first use of penicillin was in

1940

no reported cases since

1977

what abotu death

200,000

human microbiome project started in ___ and what did it accomplish

2007 DNA sequencing studies to characterize microbial communities that inhabit the human body

how much magnification was in the first microscope made

300x

each person sheds

37 million microbes per hour

how many infections each year

750 million

who got killed

Aztecs in New World

what are some recent one

MERS SARS Ebola virus disease

when was the science of microbiology born and who promoted it

antony van leeuwenhoek 1674

which domain has a cell wall containing peptidoglycan

bacteria

which 2 domains are unicellular

bacteria and archaea

John Needham did what

boiled nutrient broth briefly and then poured it into covered flasks

Lazzaro Spallanzani did what

boiled nutrient solution for longer periods and themelted flask mouth

microorganism are ____ whereas microbes

cell-based include acellular as well

what type of cell wall do algae have

cellulose

aureus

color

emergine infectious diseases

continue to arise

bacteria genus named after scientist

e.coli shigella dysenteriae

what goes second

epithet or species name

smallpox was

eradicated

Louis Pasteur

father of modern microbiology

myces

funges

What goes first

genus

old friend hypothesis

if you come into contact with microbes, the next time your immune system will respond much quicker to them.

prions consist of

protein, no DNA or RNA.

what are some individuals in eukarya

protists: (single celled) -algae -protozoa -fungi -helmniths

Plague is ___ a problem now

rarely

who invented the first microscope

robert hooke in 1665

helminths include what type of worms

roundworms tapeworms flukes

what are effective antimicrobial treatments

sanitation, vaccination

algae use what for energy

sunlight

if pasteur had done it with hay it would have

supported the idea of spontaneous generation

what are endospores

survival form of bacteria extremely resistant to heat.

how did he demonstrate biogenesis

swan-neck flask

he demonstrated what?

that air is filled with microorganisms

who was John Tyndall and what did he show

that sterilizing broths require different times

acellular infectious agents propagate in

the infected host and spread to new hosts, even though they are not considered as living organisms