MICROBIOL: Chapter 21
the M protein surface projection allows S. pyogenes to ___
resist phagocytosis
bordetella pertussis is transmitted primarily via ___ transmission
respiratory
in laboratory culture, mycobacterium tuberculosis has a generation time of
15-20 hours
what is the typical incubation period for pharyngitis
2-5 days
in secondary tuberculosis, ___ bacteria are reactivated, ___ expand and drain into the bronchial tubes and upper respiratory tract, and the severe symptoms cause a gradual ___ of the body
dormant; tubercles; wasting
what is the main means of prevention for the spread of TB in the US
limiting exposure to contaminated air
the influenza virus is covered with a ___ envelope studded with glycoprotein spikes acquired during viral maturation
lipoprotein
streptococcus pyogenes causes scarlet fever when it has become infected with a ___ bacteriophage
lysogenic
the role of neuraminidase in an influenza infection is to
assist in budding of virions. cause the fusion of host cells. break down the mucous coating of the respiratory tract.
it is currently thought that chronic otitis media is due to
bacterial biofilms
a pseudomembrane characteristic of a diphtheria infection is composed of
bacterial cells, fibrin, lymphocytes, dead tissue cells
streptolysins produced by Group A streptococcus caused which type of hemolysis on sheep blood agar
beta
pertussis is most contagious during which stages
catarrhal; paroxysmal
the severity of pneumonia is usually based on
causative agent
___ otitis media is the condition where fluid remains in the middle ear for indefinite periods of time
chronic
influenza viruses bind to which cell type to initiate infection
ciliated cells of respiratory tract
the ___ ___ of mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with virulent strains and causes the organism to form serpentine cords while growing
cord factor
the causative agent for diphtheria is ___ diphtheriae
corynebacterium
dyspnea and rales seen in later stages of RSV infection can also be called ___ and ___
croup; bronchiolitis
influenza A viruses are named according to to:
differing H and N spikes
the skin screening test for tuberculin hypersensitivity is known as the ___ test
mantoux
in the ziehl-neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid fast organisms appear bright ___ against a ___ background
red; blue
streptococcus pyogenes is transmitted via ___ droplets or direct contact with ___
respiratory; mucus
acute otitis media is a common sequelae of ___, also known as the common cold, or sinusitis.
rhinitis
the most common cause of pharyngitis is ___ or other cold viruses
rhinovirus
the most common causes of pharyngitis is/are
rhinoviruses
diphtheria is easily prevented by
routine vaccination
even though ___ fever had a 95% fatality rate in the early 20th century, cases today are often mild and amenable to antibiotic therapy
scarlet
complications of influenza infection include which of the following
secondary bacterial infections, pneumonia
diagnosis of group A streptococci is accomplished through cultivation on ___ ___ agar plates and a positive ___ disc test. rapid screening test detect ___ against outer carbohydrates
sheep blood; bacitracin; antibodies
the most common bacterial cause of acute otitis media is ___ ___
streptococcus pneumoniae
a toxin produced by streptococci that causes the rupture of red blood cells and release of hemoglobin is called a ___
streptolysin
___ are bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells and monocytes, causing an excessively strong reaction
superantigens
diagnosis of pertussis is based only on the ___ exhibited by the patients, because they are so distinctive to this infectious disease
symptoms
a negative tuberculin skin test may indicate
tha an individual has not had any contact with tuberculosis. that a person has been infected but has not yet reacted
a passive antibody injection is used to prevent RSV in high-risk groups
true
a vaccination against pneumococcus is part of the recommended childhood schedule
true
acid-fast staining may be used to identify the unique cell wall structure of mycobacterium in a sputum sample
true
bacterial sinusitis is often caused by normal biota in the respiratory tract
true
infection with the tuberculosis bacterium occurs rather easily, but only a small percentage of those infected will experience disease
true
which of the following are infectious diseases of only the lower respiratory tract
tuberculosis, pneumonia
rates of diphtheria worldwide have steadily declined due to the availability of the diphtheria
vaccination
acute otitis media often follows which of the following
viral rhinitis
influenza is caused by a one of 3 influenza ___: A, B, or C
viruses
acute otitis media is caused by which general types of microorganisms
viruses; bacteria
the drier air of which season(s) most effectively facilitates the spread of influenza virus, leading to the highest rates of infection
winter, late fall
which age group is most susceptible to RSV disease
young infants
patients who have emphysema or cardiopulmonary conditions, along with ___, ___, or ___ patients are especially susceptible to influenza
young, elderly, pregnant
the capsule of S. pyogenes is composed of ___
hyaluronic acid
invasive fungal sinusitis is found in ___ patients
immunocompromised
___ are most susceptible to RSV infection
infants
the major route for transmission of influenza is
inhalation of droplets
the most common modes of transmission for streptococcal pharyngitis are
inhalation of respiratory droplets. contact with mucus.
the 15% of the population that carries Streptococcus pyogenes
is less likely to transmit the disease than someone with an active infection
the incubation period for influenza is ___ to ___ days
1-4
only ___% of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case
5
streptococcus pyogenes belongs to which group of streptococci
A
which of the following virulence factors of B. pertussis leads to host cytokine release and its profound effect on the host
B. pertussis endotoxin
the ___ protein is a surface projection of S. pyogenes that helps it resist phagocytosis
M
the ___ method for diagnosing tuberculosis can also determine drug susceptibility
PCR
the influenza virus carries a single-stranded ___ genome
RNA
the most serious cases of pharyngitis are caused by
S. pyogenes
extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is also known as
XDR-TB
cases of bronchiolitis and croup can be caused by ___ in addition to RSV
a variety of bacteria; a variety of viruses
the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered ___-___ because it is difficult to stain
acid-fast
sinusitis can be caused by ___ or ___ with viruses or bacteria
allergy; infection
rheumatic fever is most likely caused by
an immune system cross-reaction between agent protein and host tissue
an ___ diagnosis is based on observed structural changes in organs and tissues
anatomical
glomerulonephritis is thought to be caused by ___-___ complexes that deposit in the basement membrane of the glomeruli
anitgen-antibody
failure of the patient to adhere to the antibiotic treatment regimen against tuberculosis can lead to the development of ___ ___ strains of the bacterium, such as MDR-TB and XDR-TB
antibiotic resistance
the influenza virus has a high level of variation in its genome due to antigenic ___ and antigenic ___
drift; shift
the mode of transmission for TB is
droplets
___ is the technical term for difficulty breathing seen in the later stages of RSV
dyspnea
the bordetella pertussis ___ causes production of host cytokines that can lead to symptoms such as fever, hypotension, and shock
endotoxin
___ is produced by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, causing the rash and severe fever characteristic of scarlet fever
erythrogenic toxin
acute otitis media is communicable
false
acute otitis media is the condition where fluid remains in the middle ear for indefinite periods
false
diphtheria is an emerging disease worldwide
false
the current vaccine for pertussis consists of whole, heat-killed cells
false
RSV is transmitted by
fomite contamination; droplet contact
in addition to the respiratory route, influenza can also be transmitted indirectly via ___
fomites
which main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia
fungi, viruses, bacteria
otitis media caused by ___ ___ has been significantly reduced due to routine childhood vaccinations against the organism
haemophilus influenzae
the best prevention for group A streptococci infection is
hand washing
pneumonia infections that are acquired by patients in the hospital or other health care setting are called ___ pneumonias
healthcare-associated
the spike found on the lipid envelope of influenza that contributes to red blood cell clumping is
hemagglutinin
some individual influenza viruses can infect both
humans, swine, birds
___ allows the influenza virus to break down the protective mucus in the respiratory tract, helps the virus to bud from host cells, and prevents viruses from sticking together
neuraminidase
which of the following virulence factors of B. pertussis leading to excessive mucus production
pertussis toxin
which two of the following are the most important exotoxins produced by B. pertussis for virulence
pertussis toxin; tracheal cytotoxin
which three of the following are infectious diseases of both the upper and lower respiratory tract
pertussis, virus (RSV), influenza
increased mucus production in pertussis infection is due to the ___ ___ produced by B. pertussis
pertussis; toxin
inflammation of the throat is called
pharyngitis
___ kills more children than any other infectious disease in the world today
pneumonia
corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative organism of diphtheria, is non-endospore forming, gram-___ and ___-shaped
positive; club
streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-___ coccus that grows in chains and forms capsules and ___ layers
positive; slime
the characteristic membrane seen in diphtheria that forms on the tonsils or pharynx is usually called a ___
pseudomembrane