MICROBIOL: Chapter 21

the M protein surface projection allows S. pyogenes to ___

resist phagocytosis

bordetella pertussis is transmitted primarily via ___ transmission

respiratory

in laboratory culture, mycobacterium tuberculosis has a generation time of

15-20 hours

what is the typical incubation period for pharyngitis

2-5 days

in secondary tuberculosis, ___ bacteria are reactivated, ___ expand and drain into the bronchial tubes and upper respiratory tract, and the severe symptoms cause a gradual ___ of the body

dormant; tubercles; wasting

what is the main means of prevention for the spread of TB in the US

limiting exposure to contaminated air

the influenza virus is covered with a ___ envelope studded with glycoprotein spikes acquired during viral maturation

lipoprotein

streptococcus pyogenes causes scarlet fever when it has become infected with a ___ bacteriophage

lysogenic

the role of neuraminidase in an influenza infection is to

assist in budding of virions. cause the fusion of host cells. break down the mucous coating of the respiratory tract.

it is currently thought that chronic otitis media is due to

bacterial biofilms

a pseudomembrane characteristic of a diphtheria infection is composed of

bacterial cells, fibrin, lymphocytes, dead tissue cells

streptolysins produced by Group A streptococcus caused which type of hemolysis on sheep blood agar

beta

pertussis is most contagious during which stages

catarrhal; paroxysmal

the severity of pneumonia is usually based on

causative agent

___ otitis media is the condition where fluid remains in the middle ear for indefinite periods of time

chronic

influenza viruses bind to which cell type to initiate infection

ciliated cells of respiratory tract

the ___ ___ of mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with virulent strains and causes the organism to form serpentine cords while growing

cord factor

the causative agent for diphtheria is ___ diphtheriae

corynebacterium

dyspnea and rales seen in later stages of RSV infection can also be called ___ and ___

croup; bronchiolitis

influenza A viruses are named according to to:

differing H and N spikes

the skin screening test for tuberculin hypersensitivity is known as the ___ test

mantoux

in the ziehl-neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid fast organisms appear bright ___ against a ___ background

red; blue

streptococcus pyogenes is transmitted via ___ droplets or direct contact with ___

respiratory; mucus

acute otitis media is a common sequelae of ___, also known as the common cold, or sinusitis.

rhinitis

the most common cause of pharyngitis is ___ or other cold viruses

rhinovirus

the most common causes of pharyngitis is/are

rhinoviruses

diphtheria is easily prevented by

routine vaccination

even though ___ fever had a 95% fatality rate in the early 20th century, cases today are often mild and amenable to antibiotic therapy

scarlet

complications of influenza infection include which of the following

secondary bacterial infections, pneumonia

diagnosis of group A streptococci is accomplished through cultivation on ___ ___ agar plates and a positive ___ disc test. rapid screening test detect ___ against outer carbohydrates

sheep blood; bacitracin; antibodies

the most common bacterial cause of acute otitis media is ___ ___

streptococcus pneumoniae

a toxin produced by streptococci that causes the rupture of red blood cells and release of hemoglobin is called a ___

streptolysin

___ are bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells and monocytes, causing an excessively strong reaction

superantigens

diagnosis of pertussis is based only on the ___ exhibited by the patients, because they are so distinctive to this infectious disease

symptoms

a negative tuberculin skin test may indicate

tha an individual has not had any contact with tuberculosis. that a person has been infected but has not yet reacted

a passive antibody injection is used to prevent RSV in high-risk groups

true

a vaccination against pneumococcus is part of the recommended childhood schedule

true

acid-fast staining may be used to identify the unique cell wall structure of mycobacterium in a sputum sample

true

bacterial sinusitis is often caused by normal biota in the respiratory tract

true

infection with the tuberculosis bacterium occurs rather easily, but only a small percentage of those infected will experience disease

true

which of the following are infectious diseases of only the lower respiratory tract

tuberculosis, pneumonia

rates of diphtheria worldwide have steadily declined due to the availability of the diphtheria

vaccination

acute otitis media often follows which of the following

viral rhinitis

influenza is caused by a one of 3 influenza ___: A, B, or C

viruses

acute otitis media is caused by which general types of microorganisms

viruses; bacteria

the drier air of which season(s) most effectively facilitates the spread of influenza virus, leading to the highest rates of infection

winter, late fall

which age group is most susceptible to RSV disease

young infants

patients who have emphysema or cardiopulmonary conditions, along with ___, ___, or ___ patients are especially susceptible to influenza

young, elderly, pregnant

the capsule of S. pyogenes is composed of ___

hyaluronic acid

invasive fungal sinusitis is found in ___ patients

immunocompromised

___ are most susceptible to RSV infection

infants

the major route for transmission of influenza is

inhalation of droplets

the most common modes of transmission for streptococcal pharyngitis are

inhalation of respiratory droplets. contact with mucus.

the 15% of the population that carries Streptococcus pyogenes

is less likely to transmit the disease than someone with an active infection

the incubation period for influenza is ___ to ___ days

1-4

only ___% of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case

5

streptococcus pyogenes belongs to which group of streptococci

A

which of the following virulence factors of B. pertussis leads to host cytokine release and its profound effect on the host

B. pertussis endotoxin

the ___ protein is a surface projection of S. pyogenes that helps it resist phagocytosis

M

the ___ method for diagnosing tuberculosis can also determine drug susceptibility

PCR

the influenza virus carries a single-stranded ___ genome

RNA

the most serious cases of pharyngitis are caused by

S. pyogenes

extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is also known as

XDR-TB

cases of bronchiolitis and croup can be caused by ___ in addition to RSV

a variety of bacteria; a variety of viruses

the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered ___-___ because it is difficult to stain

acid-fast

sinusitis can be caused by ___ or ___ with viruses or bacteria

allergy; infection

rheumatic fever is most likely caused by

an immune system cross-reaction between agent protein and host tissue

an ___ diagnosis is based on observed structural changes in organs and tissues

anatomical

glomerulonephritis is thought to be caused by ___-___ complexes that deposit in the basement membrane of the glomeruli

anitgen-antibody

failure of the patient to adhere to the antibiotic treatment regimen against tuberculosis can lead to the development of ___ ___ strains of the bacterium, such as MDR-TB and XDR-TB

antibiotic resistance

the influenza virus has a high level of variation in its genome due to antigenic ___ and antigenic ___

drift; shift

the mode of transmission for TB is

droplets

___ is the technical term for difficulty breathing seen in the later stages of RSV

dyspnea

the bordetella pertussis ___ causes production of host cytokines that can lead to symptoms such as fever, hypotension, and shock

endotoxin

___ is produced by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, causing the rash and severe fever characteristic of scarlet fever

erythrogenic toxin

acute otitis media is communicable

false

acute otitis media is the condition where fluid remains in the middle ear for indefinite periods

false

diphtheria is an emerging disease worldwide

false

the current vaccine for pertussis consists of whole, heat-killed cells

false

RSV is transmitted by

fomite contamination; droplet contact

in addition to the respiratory route, influenza can also be transmitted indirectly via ___

fomites

which main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia

fungi, viruses, bacteria

otitis media caused by ___ ___ has been significantly reduced due to routine childhood vaccinations against the organism

haemophilus influenzae

the best prevention for group A streptococci infection is

hand washing

pneumonia infections that are acquired by patients in the hospital or other health care setting are called ___ pneumonias

healthcare-associated

the spike found on the lipid envelope of influenza that contributes to red blood cell clumping is

hemagglutinin

some individual influenza viruses can infect both

humans, swine, birds

___ allows the influenza virus to break down the protective mucus in the respiratory tract, helps the virus to bud from host cells, and prevents viruses from sticking together

neuraminidase

which of the following virulence factors of B. pertussis leading to excessive mucus production

pertussis toxin

which two of the following are the most important exotoxins produced by B. pertussis for virulence

pertussis toxin; tracheal cytotoxin

which three of the following are infectious diseases of both the upper and lower respiratory tract

pertussis, virus (RSV), influenza

increased mucus production in pertussis infection is due to the ___ ___ produced by B. pertussis

pertussis; toxin

inflammation of the throat is called

pharyngitis

___ kills more children than any other infectious disease in the world today

pneumonia

corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative organism of diphtheria, is non-endospore forming, gram-___ and ___-shaped

positive; club

streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-___ coccus that grows in chains and forms capsules and ___ layers

positive; slime

the characteristic membrane seen in diphtheria that forms on the tonsils or pharynx is usually called a ___

pseudomembrane