Microbiology 2460 Exam 2
gram positive bacteria are classified into ___ based on the prevalence of guanine and cytosine in their genome
high G+C gram positive and low G+C gram positive bacteria
viral cultivation requires the presence of some form of __ __ (whole organism, embryo, or cell culture)
host cell
viruses are known to infect various types of cells found in plants, animals, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archea, typically have __ ___ and infect specific cell types
host cells
many viruses target specific __ or ___. some may have more than one host
hosts or tissues
The totality of forms of prokaryotes living on the human body is called the _______ ______, which varies between regions of the body and individuals, and changes over time.
human microbiome
What is fusobacteria?
inhabit the human mouth and may cause severe infectious diseases
animal viruses can undergo ___ , similar to lysogeny for a bacteriophage
latency
lysogenic
leads to integration of a phage into the host genome
lytic
leads to the death of the host
___ are a symbiotic association between a fungus and an algae or a cyanobacterium
lichens
___ are slow growing and can live for centuries in a variety of habitats
lichens
____ are environmentally important, helping create ___, providing food, and acting as indicators of are pollution
lichens/soil
Bacilli is a taxonomic class of ____ G+C gram positive bacteria.
low
bacteriophages have a ___ or ___ cycle
lytic or lysogenic
Prokaryotes are very flexible ______, so they are able to adjust their _____ to the available neutral resources.
metabolically/ feeding
the totality of forms of prokaryotes living in a certain region of the body is called the ____ of this region.
microbiota.
In recent years, the traditional approaches to classification of prokaryotes have been supplemented by approaches based on
molecular genetics
___ are common intestinal parasites often transmitted through undercooked food, although they are also found in other environments
nematodes
some phototrophic bacteria are able to fix ____, providing the usable forms of ____ to other organisms
nitrogen/nitrogen
Protists vary in ____, morphology, method of locomotion, and mode of reproduction
nutrition
The taxa chlamydias and rickettsias are ______
obligate intracellular pathogens
viruses are ___
obligate parasites
the growth curve of bacteriophage populations is a ___ __ __ and not a sigmoidal curve, as compared to the bacterial growth curve.
one-step multiplication curve
the symbiotic association found in lichens is currently considered to be a controlled ____, in which the fungus benefits and the algae or cyanobacterium is harmed.
parasitism
the protists include important ___ and ____
pathogens/parasites
bacteriophages are detected by presence of clear ___ on bacterial lawn
plaques
Mycoplasma spp. are very small, ____ low g+c gram positive bacteria that lack cell walls.
pleomorphic
the majority of plant viruses are ___ ___ ___ and can undergo latency chronic, or lytic infection, or observed for animal viruses
positive strand ssRNA
What is bacteriods?
present in vast numbers in the human gut, most of them being mutualistic but some are pathogenic
___ may be unicellular or multicellular.
protists
___ are a diverse, ___ group of eukaryotic organisms
protists/polyphyletic
taxonomy of protists is changing rapidly as _____ are reassessed using newer techniques
relationships
viral filtrate is a rich source of ___ ___
released virions
the two major groups of helminths are
roundworms (nematoda) and flatworms (platyhelminthes)
gram negative nonproteobacteria include the taxa _____; the Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, Bacteroids group; Planctomycetes; and many representatives of ______ _____.
spirochetes; phototrophic bacteria.
___ bacteria perform anoxygenic photosynthesis, using sulfur compounds as donors of electrons, whereas ____ bacteria use organic compounds as donors of electrons
sulfur/nonsulfur
phototropic bacteria are not a taxon but, rather, a group categorized by their ability to use the energy of _____.
sunlight
several genera of spirochetes contain human pathogens that cause such diseases as _____ and ____ diseases
syphilis and lyme disease
platyhelminths include __ and __, which are often transmitted through undercooked meat.
tapeworms and fluke
actinobacteria is the ____ ____ of the class of high G+C
taxonomic name
prions are proteinaceous infectious particles that cause ___ ___ ___
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
there are no ___ for prion infection
treatments
classification of viruses is bases on morphology, ___ of ___, host range, cell specifically, and enzymes carried within the virion
types of nucleic acids
Prokaryotes are ____ microorganisms who cells have no _____.
unicellular/nucleus
like other diseases, ___ diseases are classified using ___ ___
viral/ICD codes
___ are acellular and consists of a nucleic acid, DNA, or RNA, but not both, surrounded by a protein ___.
virions/capsid
other acellular agents such as ___,___, and ___ also cause diseases
viroids, virusoids, and prions
____ are generally ultramicroscopic, typically from 20 nm to 900 nm in length
viruses
medically important species exist in the four fungul groups
zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, and microsporidia.
A nonsegmented worm is found during a routine colonoscopy of an individual who reported having abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. This worm is likely which of the following? a. nematode b. fluke c. trematode d. annelid
A
All Alphaproteobacteria are which of the following? a. oligotrophs b. intracellular c. pathogenic d. all of the above e. none of the above
A
What is the name for the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a phage? a. transduction b. penetration c. excision d. translation
A
Which is the term for the hard outer covering of some dinoflagellates? a. theca b. thallus c. mycelium d. shell
A
Which of the following bacterial species is classified as high G+C gram-positive? a. Corynebacterium diphtheriae b. Staphylococcus aureus c. Bacillus anthracis d. Streptococcus pneumoni
A
Which of the following describes Proteobacteria in domain Bacteria? a. phylum b. class c. species d. genus
A
Which of the following is the most common cause of human yeast infections? a. Candida albicans b. Blastomyces dermatitidis c. Cryptococcus neoformans d. Aspergillus fumigatus
A
Which of the following is the term for the outer layer of a lichen? a. the cortex b. the medulla c. the thallus d. the theca
A
Which of the following refers to photosynthesis performed by bacteria with the use of water as the donor of electrons? a. oxygenic b. anoxygenic c. heterotrophic d. phototrophic
A
Which of the following does a virus lack? Select all that apply. a. ribosomes b. metabolic processes c. nucleic acid d. glycoprotein
A & B
______ are _____.
Alphaproteobacteria/oligotrophs
What is cytophaga?
Aquatic bacteria with the gliding motility
____ are unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms that differ from bacteria in their genetics, biochemistry, and ecology
Archea
prokaryotes are classified into domains
Archea and Bacteria
A positive-strand RNA virus: a. must first be converted to a mRNA before it can be translated. b. can be used directly to translate viral proteins. c. will be degraded by host enzymes. d. is not recognized by host ribosomes
B
In naming viruses, the family name ends with ________ and genus name ends with _________. a. −virus; −viridae b. −viridae; −virus c. −virion; virus d. −virus; virion
B
The component(s) of a virus that is/are extended from the envelope for attachment is/are the: a. capsomeres b. spikes c. nucleic acid d. viral whiskers
B
The envelope of a virus is derived from the host's a. nucleic acids b. membrane structures c. cytoplasm d. genome
B
The fungus in a lichen is which of the following? a. a basidiomycete b. an ascomycete c. a zygomycete d. an apicomplexan
B
The term "deeply branching" refers to which of the following? a. the cellular shape of deeply branching bacteria b. the position in the evolutionary tree of deeply branching bacteria c. the ability of deeply branching bacteria to live in deep ocean waters d. the pattern of growth in culture of deeply branching bacteria
B
The term prokaryotes refers to which of the following? A. very small organisms B. unicellular organisms that have no nucleus C. multicellular organisms D. cells that resemble animal cells more than plant cells.
B
Which of the following is an ascomycete fungus associated with bat droppings that can cause a respiratory infection if inhaled? a. Candida albicans b. Histoplasma capsulatum c. Rhizopus stolonifera d. Trichophyton rubrum
B
Which of the following is the organelle that spirochetes use to propel themselves? a. plasma membrane b. axial filament c. pilum d. fimbria
B
Which of the following is true of archaea that produce methane? a. They reduce carbon dioxide in the presence of nitrogen. b. They live in the most extreme environments. c. They are always anaerobes. d. They have been discovered on Mars.
B
Which of the following leads to the destruction of the host cells? a. lysogenic cycle b. lytic cycle c. prophage d. temperate phage
B
Which of the following refers to the type of interaction between two prokaryotic populations in which one population benefits and the other is not affected? a. mutualism b. commensalism c. parasitism d. neutralism
B
Which of the followings cannot be used to culture viruses? a. tissue culture b. liquid medium only c. embryo d. animal host
B
Which of these deeply branching bacteria is considered a polyextremophile? a. Aquifex pyrophilus b. Deinococcus radiodurans c. Staphylococcus aureus d. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B
You encounter a lichen with leafy structures. Which term describes this lichen? a. crustose b. foliose c. fruticose d. agarose
B
______ are _____
Bethaproteobacteria/eutrophs
A fluke is classified within which of the following? a. Nematoda b. Rotifera c. Platyhelminthes d. Annelida
C
A segmented worm has male and female reproductive organs in each segment. Some use hooks to attach to the intestinal wall. Which type of worm is this? a. fluke b. nematode c. cestode d. annelid
C
Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of which of the following? a. influenza b. dysentery c. upper respiratory tract infections d. hemophilia
C
The term microbiota refers to which of the following? a. all microorganisms of the same species b. all of the microorganisms involved in a symbiotic relationship c. all microorganisms in a certain region of the human body d. all microorganisms in a certain geographic region
C
What is another name for a nonenveloped virus? a. enveloped virus b. provirus c. naked virus d. latent virus
C
Which genus includes the causative agent for malaria? a. Euglena b. Paramecium c. Plasmodium d. Trypanosoma
C
Which of the following is NOT a cytopathic effect? a. transformation b. cell fusion c. mononucleated cell d. inclusion bodies
C
Which of the following is true of prions? a. They can be inactivated by boiling at 100 °C. b. They contain a capsid. c. They are a rogue form of protein, PrP. d. They can be reliably inactivated by an autoclave
C
Which protist is a concern because of its ability to contaminate water supplies and cause diarrheal illness? a. Plasmodium vivax b. Toxoplasma gondii c. Giardia lamblia d. Trichomonas vaginalis
C
Which protists are associated with red tides? a. red algae b. brown algae c. dinoflagellates d. green algae
C
low g+c are generally obligate anaerobes and can form endospores, examples are :
C. perfringens (gas gangrene), C. tetani (tetanus), and C. botulinum (botulism).
____, _____, and ______ are classified together as a phylum called the ____ group
Cytophaga, Fusobacterium and Bacteroids/ CFB
A virus obtains its envelope during which of the following phases? a. attachment b. penetration c. assembly d. release
D
Archaea and Bacteria are most similar in terms of their ________. a. genetics b. cell wall structure c. ecology d. unicellular structure
D
Class Betaproteobacteria includes all but which of the following genera? a. Neisseria. b. Bordetella. c. Leptothrix. d. Campylobacter.
D
Mushrooms are a type of which of the following? a. conidia b. ascus c. polar tubule d. basidiocarp
D
Which of the following bacteria are the most prevalent in the human gut? a. cyanobacteria b. staphylococci c. Borrelia d. Bacteroides
D
Which of the following components is brought into a cell by HIV? a. a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase b. RNA polymerase c. ribosome d. reverse transcriptase
D
Which of the following tests can be used to detect the presence of a specific virus? a. EIA b. RT-PCR c. PCR d. all of the above
D
Which of these infectious agents do not have nucleic acid? a. viroids b. viruses c. bacteria d. prions
D
Which polysaccharide found in red algal cell walls is a useful solidifying agent? a. chitin b. cellulose c. phycoerythrin d. agar
D
bacteriophages inject __ into the host cell
DNA
lactobacillales include
Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus.
Actinomyces, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Frankia, Gardnerella, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Propionibacterium
High G+C
____ ___ causes atypical pneumonia
M.pneumonia
examples of high g+c
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis; M. leprae, which causes leprosy (Hansen's disease); and Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria.
_____ are aquatic bacteria that reproduce by budding; they may form large colonies, and develop a holdfast.
Phototrophic
_______ is a phylum of gram-negative bacteria discovered by Carl Woese in the 1980s bases on nucleotide sequence homology.
Proteobacteria
_____ are motile, spiral bacteria with a long, narrow body; they are difficult or impossible to culture
Spirochetes
algae are important for producing ___, which is used as a solidifying agent in a microbiological media, and _____, which is used as a solidifying agent.
agar, carrageenan
___ are a diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic protists
algae
___ may be unicellular or multicellular
algae
large, multicellular ___ are called seaweeds but are not plants and lack plant-like tissues and organs
algae
although algae have little pathogenicity, they may be associated with toxic ___ ___ that can and aquatic wildlife and contaminate seafood with toxins that cause paralysis
algal blooms
B.anthracis causes ____ C.cereus cases____ both are highly resistant to ____
anthrax/infections in GI tract antibiotics
many viruses follow several stages to infect host cells
attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release
Prions are extremely -
chemicals, heat and radiation
Proteobacteria are further classified into the _____ alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilonproteobacteria, each class having separate orders, families, genera, and species.
classes
Prokaryotes live in ______ that interact among themselves and with large organisms that they use as hosts.
communities
important structures of protists include ___ ___, cilia, flagella, ____, and pseudopodia; some lack organelles such as mitochondria
contractile vacuoles/pellicles
_____ are oxygen-producing bacteria thought to have played a critical role in the forming of the earth's atmosphere.
cyanobacteria
animal and plant viruses are detected by __ __, molecule techniques, enzyme immunoassays, and serological assays
cytopathic effects
members of Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota produce
deadly toxins
___ ____ _____ are photogenically the most ancient forms of life, being the closest to the last universal common ancestor
deeply branching bacteria
_____ make up a small group to reduce sulfate or elemental sulfur
deltaproteobactiera
animal viruses enter by
endocytosis or membrane fusion
______ make up the smallest group of proteobactiera
epsilonproteobacteria
deeply branching bacteria are important for our understanding of ____
evolution
deeply branching bacteria include many species that thrive in ____ ____ that are thought to resemble conditions on earth a million years ago
extreme conditions
Prokaryotes can be found everywhere on our planet, even in the most ________.
extreme environments
some archea are ____, living in environments with extremely high or low temperatures, or extreme salinity.
extremophiles
viruses can be isolated from samples by ____
filtration
___ can be unicellular or multicellular; some like yeast and fungul spores are microscopic, whereas some are large
fungi
the ___ include diverse saprotrophic eukaryotic organisms within chitin cell walls.
fungi
reproductive types are important in distinguishing ___ ____.
fungul groups
____________ are the largest and the most diverse group of proteobacteria and some are ____
gammaproteobacteria/enteric
bacteriophages transfer genetic information between hosts using either ___ or __ __
generalized or specialized transduction
_____ ____ ____ are a very large and diverse group microorganisms.
gram positive bacteria
viruses may have ____, ____, or ___ shapes
helical, polyhedral or complex
__ ___ are included within the study of microbiology because they are often identified by looking for microscopic __ and __
helminth parasites/ eggs and larvae