Microbiology 2460 Exam 2

gram positive bacteria are classified into ___ based on the prevalence of guanine and cytosine in their genome

high G+C gram positive and low G+C gram positive bacteria

viral cultivation requires the presence of some form of __ __ (whole organism, embryo, or cell culture)

host cell

viruses are known to infect various types of cells found in plants, animals, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archea, typically have __ ___ and infect specific cell types

host cells

many viruses target specific __ or ___. some may have more than one host

hosts or tissues

The totality of forms of prokaryotes living on the human body is called the _______ ______, which varies between regions of the body and individuals, and changes over time.

human microbiome

What is fusobacteria?

inhabit the human mouth and may cause severe infectious diseases

animal viruses can undergo ___ , similar to lysogeny for a bacteriophage

latency

lysogenic

leads to integration of a phage into the host genome

lytic

leads to the death of the host

___ are a symbiotic association between a fungus and an algae or a cyanobacterium

lichens

___ are slow growing and can live for centuries in a variety of habitats

lichens

____ are environmentally important, helping create ___, providing food, and acting as indicators of are pollution

lichens/soil

Bacilli is a taxonomic class of ____ G+C gram positive bacteria.

low

bacteriophages have a ___ or ___ cycle

lytic or lysogenic

Prokaryotes are very flexible ______, so they are able to adjust their _____ to the available neutral resources.

metabolically/ feeding

the totality of forms of prokaryotes living in a certain region of the body is called the ____ of this region.

microbiota.

In recent years, the traditional approaches to classification of prokaryotes have been supplemented by approaches based on

molecular genetics

___ are common intestinal parasites often transmitted through undercooked food, although they are also found in other environments

nematodes

some phototrophic bacteria are able to fix ____, providing the usable forms of ____ to other organisms

nitrogen/nitrogen

Protists vary in ____, morphology, method of locomotion, and mode of reproduction

nutrition

The taxa chlamydias and rickettsias are ______

obligate intracellular pathogens

viruses are ___

obligate parasites

the growth curve of bacteriophage populations is a ___ __ __ and not a sigmoidal curve, as compared to the bacterial growth curve.

one-step multiplication curve

the symbiotic association found in lichens is currently considered to be a controlled ____, in which the fungus benefits and the algae or cyanobacterium is harmed.

parasitism

the protists include important ___ and ____

pathogens/parasites

bacteriophages are detected by presence of clear ___ on bacterial lawn

plaques

Mycoplasma spp. are very small, ____ low g+c gram positive bacteria that lack cell walls.

pleomorphic

the majority of plant viruses are ___ ___ ___ and can undergo latency chronic, or lytic infection, or observed for animal viruses

positive strand ssRNA

What is bacteriods?

present in vast numbers in the human gut, most of them being mutualistic but some are pathogenic

___ may be unicellular or multicellular.

protists

___ are a diverse, ___ group of eukaryotic organisms

protists/polyphyletic

taxonomy of protists is changing rapidly as _____ are reassessed using newer techniques

relationships

viral filtrate is a rich source of ___ ___

released virions

the two major groups of helminths are

roundworms (nematoda) and flatworms (platyhelminthes)

gram negative nonproteobacteria include the taxa _____; the Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, Bacteroids group; Planctomycetes; and many representatives of ______ _____.

spirochetes; phototrophic bacteria.

___ bacteria perform anoxygenic photosynthesis, using sulfur compounds as donors of electrons, whereas ____ bacteria use organic compounds as donors of electrons

sulfur/nonsulfur

phototropic bacteria are not a taxon but, rather, a group categorized by their ability to use the energy of _____.

sunlight

several genera of spirochetes contain human pathogens that cause such diseases as _____ and ____ diseases

syphilis and lyme disease

platyhelminths include __ and __, which are often transmitted through undercooked meat.

tapeworms and fluke

actinobacteria is the ____ ____ of the class of high G+C

taxonomic name

prions are proteinaceous infectious particles that cause ___ ___ ___

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

there are no ___ for prion infection

treatments

classification of viruses is bases on morphology, ___ of ___, host range, cell specifically, and enzymes carried within the virion

types of nucleic acids

Prokaryotes are ____ microorganisms who cells have no _____.

unicellular/nucleus

like other diseases, ___ diseases are classified using ___ ___

viral/ICD codes

___ are acellular and consists of a nucleic acid, DNA, or RNA, but not both, surrounded by a protein ___.

virions/capsid

other acellular agents such as ___,___, and ___ also cause diseases

viroids, virusoids, and prions

____ are generally ultramicroscopic, typically from 20 nm to 900 nm in length

viruses

medically important species exist in the four fungul groups

zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, and microsporidia.

A nonsegmented worm is found during a routine colonoscopy of an individual who reported having abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. This worm is likely which of the following? a. nematode b. fluke c. trematode d. annelid

A

All Alphaproteobacteria are which of the following? a. oligotrophs b. intracellular c. pathogenic d. all of the above e. none of the above

A

What is the name for the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a phage? a. transduction b. penetration c. excision d. translation

A

Which is the term for the hard outer covering of some dinoflagellates? a. theca b. thallus c. mycelium d. shell

A

Which of the following bacterial species is classified as high G+C gram-positive? a. Corynebacterium diphtheriae b. Staphylococcus aureus c. Bacillus anthracis d. Streptococcus pneumoni

A

Which of the following describes Proteobacteria in domain Bacteria? a. phylum b. class c. species d. genus

A

Which of the following is the most common cause of human yeast infections? a. Candida albicans b. Blastomyces dermatitidis c. Cryptococcus neoformans d. Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Which of the following is the term for the outer layer of a lichen? a. the cortex b. the medulla c. the thallus d. the theca

A

Which of the following refers to photosynthesis performed by bacteria with the use of water as the donor of electrons? a. oxygenic b. anoxygenic c. heterotrophic d. phototrophic

A

Which of the following does a virus lack? Select all that apply. a. ribosomes b. metabolic processes c. nucleic acid d. glycoprotein

A & B

______ are _____.

Alphaproteobacteria/oligotrophs

What is cytophaga?

Aquatic bacteria with the gliding motility

____ are unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms that differ from bacteria in their genetics, biochemistry, and ecology

Archea

prokaryotes are classified into domains

Archea and Bacteria

A positive-strand RNA virus: a. must first be converted to a mRNA before it can be translated. b. can be used directly to translate viral proteins. c. will be degraded by host enzymes. d. is not recognized by host ribosomes

B

In naming viruses, the family name ends with ________ and genus name ends with _________. a. −virus; −viridae b. −viridae; −virus c. −virion; virus d. −virus; virion

B

The component(s) of a virus that is/are extended from the envelope for attachment is/are the: a. capsomeres b. spikes c. nucleic acid d. viral whiskers

B

The envelope of a virus is derived from the host's a. nucleic acids b. membrane structures c. cytoplasm d. genome

B

The fungus in a lichen is which of the following? a. a basidiomycete b. an ascomycete c. a zygomycete d. an apicomplexan

B

The term "deeply branching" refers to which of the following? a. the cellular shape of deeply branching bacteria b. the position in the evolutionary tree of deeply branching bacteria c. the ability of deeply branching bacteria to live in deep ocean waters d. the pattern of growth in culture of deeply branching bacteria

B

The term prokaryotes refers to which of the following? A. very small organisms B. unicellular organisms that have no nucleus C. multicellular organisms D. cells that resemble animal cells more than plant cells.

B

Which of the following is an ascomycete fungus associated with bat droppings that can cause a respiratory infection if inhaled? a. Candida albicans b. Histoplasma capsulatum c. Rhizopus stolonifera d. Trichophyton rubrum

B

Which of the following is the organelle that spirochetes use to propel themselves? a. plasma membrane b. axial filament c. pilum d. fimbria

B

Which of the following is true of archaea that produce methane? a. They reduce carbon dioxide in the presence of nitrogen. b. They live in the most extreme environments. c. They are always anaerobes. d. They have been discovered on Mars.

B

Which of the following leads to the destruction of the host cells? a. lysogenic cycle b. lytic cycle c. prophage d. temperate phage

B

Which of the following refers to the type of interaction between two prokaryotic populations in which one population benefits and the other is not affected? a. mutualism b. commensalism c. parasitism d. neutralism

B

Which of the followings cannot be used to culture viruses? a. tissue culture b. liquid medium only c. embryo d. animal host

B

Which of these deeply branching bacteria is considered a polyextremophile? a. Aquifex pyrophilus b. Deinococcus radiodurans c. Staphylococcus aureus d. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

B

You encounter a lichen with leafy structures. Which term describes this lichen? a. crustose b. foliose c. fruticose d. agarose

B

______ are _____

Bethaproteobacteria/eutrophs

A fluke is classified within which of the following? a. Nematoda b. Rotifera c. Platyhelminthes d. Annelida

C

A segmented worm has male and female reproductive organs in each segment. Some use hooks to attach to the intestinal wall. Which type of worm is this? a. fluke b. nematode c. cestode d. annelid

C

Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of which of the following? a. influenza b. dysentery c. upper respiratory tract infections d. hemophilia

C

The term microbiota refers to which of the following? a. all microorganisms of the same species b. all of the microorganisms involved in a symbiotic relationship c. all microorganisms in a certain region of the human body d. all microorganisms in a certain geographic region

C

What is another name for a nonenveloped virus? a. enveloped virus b. provirus c. naked virus d. latent virus

C

Which genus includes the causative agent for malaria? a. Euglena b. Paramecium c. Plasmodium d. Trypanosoma

C

Which of the following is NOT a cytopathic effect? a. transformation b. cell fusion c. mononucleated cell d. inclusion bodies

C

Which of the following is true of prions? a. They can be inactivated by boiling at 100 °C. b. They contain a capsid. c. They are a rogue form of protein, PrP. d. They can be reliably inactivated by an autoclave

C

Which protist is a concern because of its ability to contaminate water supplies and cause diarrheal illness? a. Plasmodium vivax b. Toxoplasma gondii c. Giardia lamblia d. Trichomonas vaginalis

C

Which protists are associated with red tides? a. red algae b. brown algae c. dinoflagellates d. green algae

C

low g+c are generally obligate anaerobes and can form endospores, examples are :

C. perfringens (gas gangrene), C. tetani (tetanus), and C. botulinum (botulism).

____, _____, and ______ are classified together as a phylum called the ____ group

Cytophaga, Fusobacterium and Bacteroids/ CFB

A virus obtains its envelope during which of the following phases? a. attachment b. penetration c. assembly d. release

D

Archaea and Bacteria are most similar in terms of their ________. a. genetics b. cell wall structure c. ecology d. unicellular structure

D

Class Betaproteobacteria includes all but which of the following genera? a. Neisseria. b. Bordetella. c. Leptothrix. d. Campylobacter.

D

Mushrooms are a type of which of the following? a. conidia b. ascus c. polar tubule d. basidiocarp

D

Which of the following bacteria are the most prevalent in the human gut? a. cyanobacteria b. staphylococci c. Borrelia d. Bacteroides

D

Which of the following components is brought into a cell by HIV? a. a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase b. RNA polymerase c. ribosome d. reverse transcriptase

D

Which of the following tests can be used to detect the presence of a specific virus? a. EIA b. RT-PCR c. PCR d. all of the above

D

Which of these infectious agents do not have nucleic acid? a. viroids b. viruses c. bacteria d. prions

D

Which polysaccharide found in red algal cell walls is a useful solidifying agent? a. chitin b. cellulose c. phycoerythrin d. agar

D

bacteriophages inject __ into the host cell

DNA

lactobacillales include

Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus.

Actinomyces, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Frankia, Gardnerella, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Propionibacterium

High G+C

____ ___ causes atypical pneumonia

M.pneumonia

examples of high g+c

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis; M. leprae, which causes leprosy (Hansen's disease); and Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria.

_____ are aquatic bacteria that reproduce by budding; they may form large colonies, and develop a holdfast.

Phototrophic

_______ is a phylum of gram-negative bacteria discovered by Carl Woese in the 1980s bases on nucleotide sequence homology.

Proteobacteria

_____ are motile, spiral bacteria with a long, narrow body; they are difficult or impossible to culture

Spirochetes

algae are important for producing ___, which is used as a solidifying agent in a microbiological media, and _____, which is used as a solidifying agent.

agar, carrageenan

___ are a diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic protists

algae

___ may be unicellular or multicellular

algae

large, multicellular ___ are called seaweeds but are not plants and lack plant-like tissues and organs

algae

although algae have little pathogenicity, they may be associated with toxic ___ ___ that can and aquatic wildlife and contaminate seafood with toxins that cause paralysis

algal blooms

B.anthracis causes ____ C.cereus cases____ both are highly resistant to ____

anthrax/infections in GI tract antibiotics

many viruses follow several stages to infect host cells

attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release

Prions are extremely -

chemicals, heat and radiation

Proteobacteria are further classified into the _____ alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilonproteobacteria, each class having separate orders, families, genera, and species.

classes

Prokaryotes live in ______ that interact among themselves and with large organisms that they use as hosts.

communities

important structures of protists include ___ ___, cilia, flagella, ____, and pseudopodia; some lack organelles such as mitochondria

contractile vacuoles/pellicles

_____ are oxygen-producing bacteria thought to have played a critical role in the forming of the earth's atmosphere.

cyanobacteria

animal and plant viruses are detected by __ __, molecule techniques, enzyme immunoassays, and serological assays

cytopathic effects

members of Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota produce

deadly toxins

___ ____ _____ are photogenically the most ancient forms of life, being the closest to the last universal common ancestor

deeply branching bacteria

_____ make up a small group to reduce sulfate or elemental sulfur

deltaproteobactiera

animal viruses enter by

endocytosis or membrane fusion

______ make up the smallest group of proteobactiera

epsilonproteobacteria

deeply branching bacteria are important for our understanding of ____

evolution

deeply branching bacteria include many species that thrive in ____ ____ that are thought to resemble conditions on earth a million years ago

extreme conditions

Prokaryotes can be found everywhere on our planet, even in the most ________.

extreme environments

some archea are ____, living in environments with extremely high or low temperatures, or extreme salinity.

extremophiles

viruses can be isolated from samples by ____

filtration

___ can be unicellular or multicellular; some like yeast and fungul spores are microscopic, whereas some are large

fungi

the ___ include diverse saprotrophic eukaryotic organisms within chitin cell walls.

fungi

reproductive types are important in distinguishing ___ ____.

fungul groups

____________ are the largest and the most diverse group of proteobacteria and some are ____

gammaproteobacteria/enteric

bacteriophages transfer genetic information between hosts using either ___ or __ __

generalized or specialized transduction

_____ ____ ____ are a very large and diverse group microorganisms.

gram positive bacteria

viruses may have ____, ____, or ___ shapes

helical, polyhedral or complex

__ ___ are included within the study of microbiology because they are often identified by looking for microscopic __ and __

helminth parasites/ eggs and larvae