Microbiology

Know the conditions that influence antimicrobial action of chemical agents.

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Know the effect of oxygen concentration on the growth of various bacteria in tubes of solid medium a.) obligate aerobes b.) facultative anaerobics c.) obligate anaerobes d) aerotolerant anaerobes e.) microaerophiles

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What are pure cultures?

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What are the requirements for bacteria to survive; oxygen, a carbon source, energy, etc.

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What is all purpose media?

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What is enrichment media?

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What is culture media?

A culture media is nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganisms in a laboratory.

What is a gram stain application?

A gram stain is one of the most useful staining procedures because it classifies bacteria into two large groups: gram-positive and gram-negative.

What are the contributions of Alexander Fleming?

Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin.

What is a halophile?

An halophile is an organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth.

What is antisepsis?

Antisepsis is a chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes; the chemical is called an antiseptic.

What is bacteriocidal?

Bacteriocidal is

What is bacteriostasis?

Bacteriostasis is a treatment capable of inhibiting bacterial growth.

What are capsules?

Capsules are an outer, viscous covering on some bacteria composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide.

Know the chemical agents to control microbial growth, mechanism of action, preferred use, and comment chart 7-7, and examples of each if not mentioned.

Chemical agent: Mercury/endospores/no actitivity/mycobacteria/no activity see page 203 in book.

What is degerming?

Degerming is the removal of microorganisms in an area; also called degermation.

What is disinfection?

Disinfection is any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant.

What are the contributions of Ehrlich?

Ehrlich used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent. In 1910 Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salversan, to treat syphilis.

What are endospores (spores)?

Endospores are resting structures formed by some bacteria; they allow survival during environmental conditions.

Be able to list five major methods of sterilization and cite the parameters necessary for each method.

Essay Question

Be able to draw and label a growth curve, identifying the lag, log, stationary and death phases and describe each phase?

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Be able to list the five major groups of disinfectants and one example and use for each

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Know how to draw and label a procaryotic cell:

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What are the five techniques or methods utilized for measuring bacterial growth and be able to describe briefly how each is carried out?

Essay question

What is the definition of generation time?

Generation time is the required time for a cell or population to double in number.

What are glycocalyx?

Glycolax is a gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell.

What are the contributions of Dmitri Iwanoski?

He discovered the first virus and is known as the father of virology.

What are the contributions of Hooke?

In 1665 Robert Hooke marked the beginning of the cell theory. The cell theory is that all living things are composed of cells.

What are the contributions of Edward Jenner?

In 1796, Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox.

What are the contributions of Joseph Lister?

Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans (1860's).

What are the contributions of Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

Leeunwenhoek was the first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed. 1673-1723 he wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society describing the "animacules" he saw through the simple, single-lens microscope.

What is the binomial system of nomenclature proposed by Linnaeus?

Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature. Each organism has two names: the genus and the specific epithet. For example: Esherichia coli are E. coli The genus is E is capitalized and the specific epithet is is lower cased or italicized.

What are the contributions that Pasteur made?

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis (1861). His discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in the lab to prevent contamination by microorganisms.

What contributions did Metchnikoff make?

Metchnikoff or Physiology or Medicine for his discovery in animals of amoeba-like cells that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria—a phenomenon known as phagocytosis and a fundamental part of the immune response.

What is microbial growth/generation time?

Microbial growth or generation time is the time required for a cell to divide or a population to double.

What beneficial and harmful effects do micororganisms have on our lives?

Microorganisms can be beneficial decomposers, flora, and microflora. They can be harmful by disease and food spoilage.

What are the two differences in the composition of gram positive and gram negative microorganisms and relate this to the doctor's choice of antibiotic.

Penicillin prevents the synthesis of peptidoglycan gram + has a thick peptidoglycan and is affected by penicillin. Gram - does not, it has a thin peptidoglycan.

What is resolution?

Resolution is the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points. (Also called resolving power) is the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure.

What contributions did Koch make?

Robert Koch discovered rod-shaped bacteria known as bacillus anthracis. He proved that bacteria actually cause disease and his steps are now known as Koch's postulates.

What contributions did Whittaker make?

Robert Whittaker founded the five-kingdom system in which prokaryotes were placed in the kingdom prokaryotae, Monera, and eukaryotes comprised the other four kingdoms.

What is selective media?

Selective media are designed to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of the desired microbes.

What is the controversy between spontaneous generation and the theory of biogenesis?

Spontaneous generation theory was the belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non living matter. Biogenesis was the claim that living cells can arise from preexisting living cells. The controversy was an issue resolved when the German scientist challenged the case of spontaneous generation with the theory of biogenesis. The issue was then finally resolved by the French scientist Louis Pasteur.

What are the contributions of Stanley?

Stanley was first to characterize a virus.

Chapter #7 what is the definition of sterilization?

Sterilization is the removal of all microorganisms, including endospores.

What is a streak plate?

Streak Plate. A common method for the isolation of a pure culture

What is TEM VS. Sem?

TEM: Transmission Electron Microscope SEM: Scanning Emission Microscope

What is temperature range?

Temperature range is

What is the function of the buffer?

The function of the buffer is combinations of chemicals (buffers) may be used to keep the pH stable.

What are the functions of a prokaryotic cell wall?

The functions of a prokaryotic cell wall is to: 1.) protect 2.) Help keep rigidity and shape.

What is the main form of reproduction in bacteria?

The main form of reproduction in bacteria is binary fission.

Know the major differences between a eucaryotic cell and a procaryotic cell.

The major differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell are: Prokaryote One circular chromosome, not in a membrane. Eukaryote: Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane, Prokaryote: NO histones, Eukaryote: HISTONES Prokaryote: NO organelles, Eukaryote: Organelles, Prokaryote: Peptidoglycan cell walls, Eukaryote: Polysaccharide cell walls, Prokaryote: Binary fission, Eukaryote: Mitotic spindle.

What is the optimum temperature of thermophiles?

The optimum growth temperature of thermophiles are 50°⁻60° Celsius.

What is the optimum temperature range of mesophiles?

The optimum growth temperature range of mesophiles are: 25°-40° Celsius.

Know the period most of the bacteria which cause disease of man were isolated and indentified.

The period that most of the bacteria which cause disease of man that were isolated and identified was known as the: Golden Age of Microbiology from 1857-1914. Began with Pasteur's work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease.

Know the physical methods to control growth. Page 194 Chapter #7 Chart 7-5

The physical methods used to control microbial growth are: Heat, filtration, cold, high pressure, desiccation, osmotic pressure and radiation.

What is the preferred pH by most organisms?

The preferred pH for bacteria is a very narrow pH range near neutrality, between pH 7.0.

What are three shapes of bacteria and their arrangements?

The three basic shapes of bacteria are; coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral (twisted).

Chapter #3 Be able to describe 5 types of microscopes:

There are five types of microscopes.1.) Bright field: 2 lenses, dark objects visible on bright background, good for staining. 2.) Dark field: 2 lenses light objects visible on dark background, good for hard to stain specimans. 3.) Fluorescent: Uses U.V. light, and uses an immunofluorescent dye, good for resolution. 4.) Phase contrast: accentuates diffraction of light, light passes through speciman using special condenser, good for unstained, living speciman. 5.) Electron microscope: Uses electrons vs. light, increased resolving power uses electro magnets versus lenses.

Be able to describe 5 types of stains:

There are five types of stains: 1.) Simple: methylene blue, a basic dye, highlights speciman. 2.) Gram stain: Differential stain, used to distinguish different types of bacteria. 3.) Acid fast stain: Differential stain, use to distinguish different types of bacteria. 4.) Negative stain: A special stain allows visualization of size, shape, stains/background. 5.) Endospore: (Shaeffer-Fulton) A special stain-stain isolates spore from vegetative cell. ( Called Christmas Tree Stain)

What is sanitation?

Treatment intended to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to sage public health levels.

What is differential media?

When a medium such as emb causes e-coli to produce metallic green colonies on the same media that when enterobactor is grown produces brown this is said to be deferential.

What is a smear and its application?

When a speciman is to be fixed, a thin film of material containing the microorganism is spread over the surface of the slide. A smear is a thin film of material used for microscropic examination.

What is germicide?

an agent (as heat or radiation or a chemical) that destroys microorganisms that might carry disease.

How is osmotic pressure useful?

is a very useful relationship since it means that we can find the concentration of any solution merely by measuring its osmotic pressure

Know what standard is used to compare effectiveness of certain disinfectants.

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