Microbiology ch 19

Normal biota of the upper respiratory tract include ________.

- Aspergillis - Candida albicans - Haemophilus influenzae - Staphylococcus aureus *****All of the choices are correct.

Select all of the factors that can affect a person's susceptibility to TB to test your understanding of the epidemiology of tuberculosis infection.

- Inadequate nutrition - Poor access to medical care - Crowded living conditions - Compromised immune system

The binding of influenza viruses to respiratory epithelial cells results in which of the following?

- Inflammation - Limited protection by cilia - Shedding of epithelial cells

Primary TB may present with which of the following signs?

- Mild fever - Formation of tubercles

What must an organism be able to do to cause pneumonia?

- Penetrate the lower respiratory tract - Survive the immune defenses

Normal biota of the upper respiratory tract include ________.

- Streptococcus pyogenes - Streptococcus pneumoniae - Neisseria meningitidis - alpha-hemolytic streptococci *****All of the choices are correct.

Which main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia?

- bacteria - fungi - viruses

In addition to rhinoviruses, identify other viruses that are major causes of the common cold.

- coronavirus - adenovirus - respiratory syncytial virus

Virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes include ________.

- polysaccharides on the cell wall - lipoteichoic acid - M proteins - hyaluronic acid capsule *****All of the choices are correct.

Identify the three types of tuberculosis.

- primary - extrapulmonary - secondary

The lower respiratory tract includes which of the following structures?

- trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

The signs and symptoms of secondary TB include which of the following?

- weight loss - low-grade fever - fatigue - violent coughing - chest pain - night sweats - bloody/green sputum - loss of appetite

Which of the following organs are most commonly involved in extrapulmonary TB?

-lymph nodes -kidneys -long bones -genital tract -brain -meninges

Streptomycin was discovered in what year?

1943

H1N1 caused a limited pandemic in which year?

2009

What percent of the world's population is currently infected with tuberculosis?

25

Only what percent of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case?

5-10

Which hypothesis could explain the recent outbreaks of pertussis in various areas of the United States?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following infections often has/have a polymicrobial cause?

All of these may be polymicrobial infections.

Which cells are the first to mount an attack on the TB bacterium?

Alveolar macrophages

Which form of treatment should be administered to the patient at this time? A. Rifampin B. Azithromycin C. Supportive care as needed D. Amphotericin B

B. Azithromycin

What conclusion can you draw from the data presented in these graphs?

Both respiratory diseases appear to have higher rates during times of the year when the temperatures tend to be colder.

The disease that SARSCoV-2 causes is called _______.

COVID-19

_______-associated pneumonias are acquired by individuals receiving treatment in medical facilities.

Healthcare

In this case study, all new employees at the hospital were required to have which test to rule out tuberculosis?

Mantoux skin test

Which of the following organisms is most problematic with respect to the resistance to antibiotics?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Based on what you know about rhinovirus infection, do you think the data in the left graph is an accurate presentation of the total number of common colds in Colorado that year?

No, the common cold is caused by more than rhinoviruses, and most patients do not get tested in the laboratory for this infection.

Normal biota of the lower respiratory tract include ________.

None of the choices are correct.

Which is the best description of the occurrence of influenza as a contagious respiratory illness in temperate climates?

Occurs with seasonal regularity

Vaccination against which of the following has been recommended as part of the childhood vaccination schedule to prevent the most common cause of acute otitis media?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

T or F: Infection with the tuberculosis bacterium occurs rather easily, but only a small percentage of those infected will experience disease.

TRUE

T or F: Only diseases caused by the influenza viruses are properly termed "the flu."

TRUE

T or F: People with untreated TB often have a normal life span, with alternate periods of disease.

TRUE

T or F: The cough seen in pertussis is uncontrollable and presents with a distinct sound as the patient gasps for air between bouts.

TRUE

A 35-year-old man who will become a father in the next 6 months visits your clinic. Which vaccine would you recommend to him?

Tdap

Which of the following is true regarding the tuberculin skin test?

The reaction involves T cell action.

Which describes the current rates of TB worldwide?

They are increasing.

T or F: Organisms that have the potential to cause serious disease are often members of the microbial population in the upper respiratory tract, but may not actually cause disease in the host.

True

This image depicts an acid-fast stained sputum sample showing red bacilli. What might be a preliminary diagnosis for this patient?

Tuberculosis

In tuberculosis, which of the following heal by calcification in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by calcium deposits?

caseous lesions

Prevnar is a _______ vaccine against S. pneumoniae and is part of recommended childhood preventative care.

conjugated

Binding of influenza causes rapid shedding of ciliated epithelia, removing the protective mechanism of ciliary clearance. Sometimes the immune system responds too aggressively, resulting in a "_______ _______" that leads to more severe irritation and inflammation of the lungs.

cytokine storm

Influenza A viruses are named according to which of the following?

differing H and N spikes

"The flu" includes which of the following?

diseases caused by the influenza viruses

Based upon the staining results, the pathogen appears to be a(n) ______.

gram-negative coccobacillus

Individuals with untreated tuberculosis _______.

have a normal lifespan

Alveolar _______ phagocytize Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells but the bacteria continue to multiply inside of these cells.

macrophages

In the case study, the patient had a great deal of scarring in his lungs. Such scarring along with the formation of tubercles is often seen in TB patients due to the action of ______.

mononuclear cells (T cells, neutrophils, macrophages)

New flu strains that may be highly infectious and distributed worldwide are called which of the following?

pandemic flus

Even though they are considered "normal" biota, which population of bacteria are frequently present in the upper respiratory system?

pathogenic

Which of the following is another name for whooping cough?

pertussis

Inflammation of the throat is known as which of the following?

pharyngitis

Secondary tuberculosis is also called _______ tuberculosis.

reactivation

Which of the following agents usually causes minor colds in most patients, but can lead to a serious respiratory infection in young children?

respiratory syncytial virus

Which type of viruses is the most common causative agent for the common cold?

rhinoviruses

Influenzas that occur every year are called which of the following?

seasonal flus

Inflammation of any of the four pairs of air sacs in the cranial bones is also known as which of the following?

sinusitis

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses are all major causes of which of the following?

the common cold

In the case study, the patient was placed on respiratory isolation precautions because ______.

the infectious agent is transmitted in an airborne manner

Which is the most common place for infectious agents to gain access to the human body?

the respiratory tract

The common name for pertussis comes from which of the following?

the sound a patient makes during uncontrollable bouts of coughing

The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a _______.

tubercle

In primary tuberculosis, which of the following lung lesions form in the lung and are composed of bacteria in enlarged macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils?

tubercles

Pharyngitis caused by _______ tend to be mild and sometimes leads to hoarseness, whereas pharyngitis caused by _______ is usually more painful and includes fever, headache, and nausea.

viruses; bacteria

The highest incidence of influenza in the United States occurs during the _______ months.

winter

The degree of scarring in the lungs as seen on the chest X ray film surprised the clinicians due to the patient's ______.

young age

Based upon this diagnosis, what disease is the patient suffering from?

Whooping cough

SARSCoV-2 was first reported in December 2019 in , _______ China.

Wuhan

Most commonly, sinusitis is caused by which of the following?

allergies

Pharyngitis is more painful when it is caused by which of the following microorganisms?

bacteria

Based upon these results, the pathogen appears to be a ______.

bacterium

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a(n) ______.

bacterium

What caused the decline of TB cases in the 1940s?

Discovery of streptomycin

Based upon this identification, what was the most likely mode of transmission of this pathogen?

Droplet contact

T or F: The diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by the clinical findings consistent with this disease in the patient's chest X ray.

FALSE

T or F: The patient in the case study was treated by directly observed therapy.

FALSE

T or F: These two graphs cannot be compared because they are different types of graphs and do not depict the same kind of data.

FALSE

The infant patient in the case story should have been adequately protected from infection with Bordetella pertussis from the vaccinations she had already received.

FALSE

T or F: A patient must present the "whooping" sound during coughing to be positively diagnosed with pertussis.

False

The _______ _______ virus causes colds in most people, but can cause a potentially devastating infection in children and neonates.

Respiratory Syncytial

Which form of clinical tuberculosis has a nearly 60% mortality rate and leads to the most severe symptoms in patients?

Secondary or reactivation tuberculosis

Based on what you know about influenza and the data presented in the right graph, when would be the best time to receive an influenza vaccination?

September

Based upon all of the information obtained through specimen testing, along with the patient's symptoms, the pathogen is most likely: A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis B. Influenza A C. Streptococcus pyogenes D. Bordetella pertussis

D. Bordetella pertussis

_______ -acquired pneumonias are acquired by individuals in the general public.

Community

Which of the following pairs of defense mechanisms is mismatched?

Complement activation - third line of defense

Based upon the patient history information, the patient appears to be in which stage of disease?

Paroxysmal

The vast majority of pneumonia caused by _______ occur in AIDS patients.

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Culturing of many respiratory pathogens is time consuming. What additional diagnostic test could be performed on the specimen to provide genotypic information on the pathogen in a rapid manner?

Polymerase Chain Reaction

_______ TB is mostly asymptomatic.

Primary