Microbiology- chapter 1 microbes

Which three of the following are true concerning viruses?

-They are not considered to be living -They are simpler than cells -They are acellular

Which of the following describes a lipopolysaccharide?

A compound responsible for causing fever and shock in the host. A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the gram-negative cell wall

Glycocalyx

A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells.

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

Protozoa

A group of single-called, eukaryotic organisms

Fungi

A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Cysteine

A nonessential amino acid that is related to the essential amino acid cystine.

aseptic technique

A procedure performed under sterile conditions.

peptidoglycan

A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

microorganism

A small living plant or animal seen only with a microscope; a microbe

Microbiology

A specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.

Cholesterol

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.

Triglycerides

A type of lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acid

Cell

Basic unit of life

Biogenesis

Belief that living things can only arise from others of the same kind.

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain nuclei

Evolution

Change over time

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Based on research, microbes have been recently associated with which four of the following diseases that were once considered noninfectious?

Coronary artery disease Gastric ulcers Obesity Multiple sclerosis

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has important applications in ______.

Crime scene investigation; diagnosing diseases

The genetic code for an organism's heredity, found in the nucleus of eukaryotes, is

DNA

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

The hereditary material in viruses is _____.

DNA or RNA but not both

spontaneous generation

Early belief that living things arose from vital forces present in nonliving, or decomposing, matter.

---------- diseases are those which are newly identified and becoming more prominent -Communicable -Infectious -Emerging

Emerging

Select the contributions of Robert Koch.

Established postulates to verify the germ theory of disease Confirmed the bacterial cause of anthrax

Primary structure

Initial protein organization described by type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain. The primary structure varies extensively from protein to protein.

Lipopolysaccharide

LPS is a phospholipid layer with sugars. Many of these sugars act as antigens and allow us to differentiate strains of bacteria. Plays an important role in endotoxic shock.

Virus

Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

quaternary structure

Most complex protein structure, characterized by the formation of large, multiunit proteins by more than one of the polypeptides. This structure is typical of antibodies and some enzymes that act in cell synthesis.

Helminths

Multicellular animals whose mature form is visible tot he naked eye

Archaea

One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria.

genetic engineering

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

secondary structure

Protein structure that occurs when the functional groups on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds. These bonds cause the amino acid chain to either twist, forming a helix, or pleat into an accordion pattern called a β-pleated sheet.

tertiary structure

Protein structure that results from additional bonds forming between functional groups in a secondary structure, creating a three-dimensional mass.

Zika virus infection is best described as a(n) _____ disease.

Re-emerging

Who established the four postulates to verify the germ theory and developed many of the laboratory techniques still used in microbiology labs today?

Robert Koch

Polysaccharides contribute to or serve as ______.

Structural support, Energy stores, Protection, Nutrient stores

nomenclature

The assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms

Abiogenesis

The belief in spontaneous generation as a source of life.

Which statement correctly describes findings from the Human Microbiome Project?

The exact types of microbes found in and on different people are highly diverse.

Classification

The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy

Identification

The process of discovering and recording the traits or organisms so that they may be recognized or named and then classified

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Bioremediation

The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

infectious disease

a disease caused by a pathogen

Agar

a polysaccharide found in seaweed and commonly used to prepare solid culture media

The polymerase chain reaction, developed in the 1980s, allows scientists to ______.

amplify specific segments of DNA

The polymerase chain reaction technique, shown here, is a means of _____ DNA.

amplifying

Gastric ulcers were once considered a noninfectious disease, but today, it is known that the cause is likely to be a ______.

bacterium

Which of the following types of macromolecules is involved in energy storage, nutrient storage, structural support, and protection?

carbohydrates

The term carbohydrate originated from a reference to the constituents of these molecules, the ______ element and _____ molecule.

carbon and water

Which of the following is the fundamental unit of life?

cell

The cell walls in plants and some algae gain strength and rigidity from ______ , a polymer of glucose.

cellulose

______ is a long, fibrous polymer composed of glucose found in the cell walls of plants and algae.

cellulose

Carbohydrates

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

Pathogens

disease causing agents

A newly identified infectious disease that is becoming more prominent, such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is called a(n) _______ disease.

emerging

Evolution occurs as organisms within a population accumulate ______.

genetic changes

Work by Louis Pasteur and other scientists to show that human diseases could arise from infection led to the ______ theory of disease.

germ

Of the following, which is the most common and universally important hexose?

glucose

What monosaccharide is the most common and important hexose?

glucose

A 6-carbon sugar such as glucose and fructose is called a(n)

hexose

Germ Theory of Disease

idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms

Prions

infectious proteins

microscopic

invisible to the naked eye

An infectious disease is one that ______.

is caused by a microorganism

A complex of carbohydrate and lipid in gram-negative bacterial cell walls, that can cause fever and shock in the host, is called .

lipopolysaccharide

Polypeptide

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

Most ______ are made up of monomers linked into polymers.

macromolecules

All organisms are constructed from a few major types of biological molecules called ______, large molecules made of repeating subunits called ___

macromolecules; monomers

The germ theory of disease stated that ______.

microorganisms could cause infection and disease

A ______ is the simple sugar building block for carbohydrates consisting of 3 to 7 carbon atoms

monosaccharide

The simplest and smallest unit of a carbohydrate is specifically called a

monosaccharide

sterile

no living microbes

Outside of their hosts, viruses are composed of _____ and _____.

nucleic acid and protein

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as ______.

pathogens

Since it is a 5-carbon sugar, xylose is referred to as a(n)

pentose

A compound in which polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments that provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall is ______.

peptidoglycan

A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the structural support of bacterial cell walls is called

peptidoglycan

This technique, which allows scientists to detect tiny amounts of DNA and then amplify them, is termed _____.

polymerase chain reaction

ubiquitous

present or existing everywhere

Older diseases that are experiencing recent increases in prevalence are referred to as ______ diseases.

reemerging

peptide

short chain of amino acids

Bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

For the organism Escherichia coli, coli represents its ______ name.

species

Theory of Evolution

states that organisms change and develop over time to adapt an increase rate of survival

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as _____.

sterile

Which term refers to an area or object that is completely free of all life forms, including spores, and all virus particles?

sterile

Common table sugar is called ______.

sucrose

The disaccharide that is common table or cane sugar is called .

sucrose

Recombinant DNA technology

technology that combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule

The Human Microbiome Project has demonstrated that the ______ of microbes found in and on humans are diverse but the ______ of the microbes are similar.

types; metabolic capabilities

Microbes can be found nearly everywhere on earth, from the depths of the earth's crust and its oceans to the insides of plants and animals, so microbes are described as

ubiquitous

The term 'carbohydrate' refers to the fact that most compounds in this class are combinations of which element and which molecule?

water and carbon