Microbiology- chapter 1 microbes
Which three of the following are true concerning viruses?
-They are not considered to be living -They are simpler than cells -They are acellular
Which of the following describes a lipopolysaccharide?
A compound responsible for causing fever and shock in the host. A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the gram-negative cell wall
Glycocalyx
A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells.
Biotechnology
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.
Protozoa
A group of single-called, eukaryotic organisms
Fungi
A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Cysteine
A nonessential amino acid that is related to the essential amino acid cystine.
aseptic technique
A procedure performed under sterile conditions.
peptidoglycan
A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid
Monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
microorganism
A small living plant or animal seen only with a microscope; a microbe
Microbiology
A specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.
Chitin
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
Glycerol
A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.
Cholesterol
A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.
Triglycerides
A type of lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acid
Cell
Basic unit of life
Biogenesis
Belief that living things can only arise from others of the same kind.
Prokaryotes
Cells that do not contain nuclei
Evolution
Change over time
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Based on research, microbes have been recently associated with which four of the following diseases that were once considered noninfectious?
Coronary artery disease Gastric ulcers Obesity Multiple sclerosis
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has important applications in ______.
Crime scene investigation; diagnosing diseases
The genetic code for an organism's heredity, found in the nucleus of eukaryotes, is
DNA
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
The hereditary material in viruses is _____.
DNA or RNA but not both
spontaneous generation
Early belief that living things arose from vital forces present in nonliving, or decomposing, matter.
---------- diseases are those which are newly identified and becoming more prominent -Communicable -Infectious -Emerging
Emerging
Select the contributions of Robert Koch.
Established postulates to verify the germ theory of disease Confirmed the bacterial cause of anthrax
Primary structure
Initial protein organization described by type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain. The primary structure varies extensively from protein to protein.
Lipopolysaccharide
LPS is a phospholipid layer with sugars. Many of these sugars act as antigens and allow us to differentiate strains of bacteria. Plays an important role in endotoxic shock.
Virus
Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
quaternary structure
Most complex protein structure, characterized by the formation of large, multiunit proteins by more than one of the polypeptides. This structure is typical of antibodies and some enzymes that act in cell synthesis.
Helminths
Multicellular animals whose mature form is visible tot he naked eye
Archaea
One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria.
genetic engineering
Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
secondary structure
Protein structure that occurs when the functional groups on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds. These bonds cause the amino acid chain to either twist, forming a helix, or pleat into an accordion pattern called a β-pleated sheet.
tertiary structure
Protein structure that results from additional bonds forming between functional groups in a secondary structure, creating a three-dimensional mass.
Zika virus infection is best described as a(n) _____ disease.
Re-emerging
Who established the four postulates to verify the germ theory and developed many of the laboratory techniques still used in microbiology labs today?
Robert Koch
Polysaccharides contribute to or serve as ______.
Structural support, Energy stores, Protection, Nutrient stores
nomenclature
The assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms
Abiogenesis
The belief in spontaneous generation as a source of life.
Which statement correctly describes findings from the Human Microbiome Project?
The exact types of microbes found in and on different people are highly diverse.
Classification
The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy
Identification
The process of discovering and recording the traits or organisms so that they may be recognized or named and then classified
Taxonomy
The scientific study of how living things are classified
Bioremediation
The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
infectious disease
a disease caused by a pathogen
Agar
a polysaccharide found in seaweed and commonly used to prepare solid culture media
The polymerase chain reaction, developed in the 1980s, allows scientists to ______.
amplify specific segments of DNA
The polymerase chain reaction technique, shown here, is a means of _____ DNA.
amplifying
Gastric ulcers were once considered a noninfectious disease, but today, it is known that the cause is likely to be a ______.
bacterium
Which of the following types of macromolecules is involved in energy storage, nutrient storage, structural support, and protection?
carbohydrates
The term carbohydrate originated from a reference to the constituents of these molecules, the ______ element and _____ molecule.
carbon and water
Which of the following is the fundamental unit of life?
cell
The cell walls in plants and some algae gain strength and rigidity from ______ , a polymer of glucose.
cellulose
______ is a long, fibrous polymer composed of glucose found in the cell walls of plants and algae.
cellulose
Carbohydrates
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
Pathogens
disease causing agents
A newly identified infectious disease that is becoming more prominent, such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is called a(n) _______ disease.
emerging
Evolution occurs as organisms within a population accumulate ______.
genetic changes
Work by Louis Pasteur and other scientists to show that human diseases could arise from infection led to the ______ theory of disease.
germ
Of the following, which is the most common and universally important hexose?
glucose
What monosaccharide is the most common and important hexose?
glucose
A 6-carbon sugar such as glucose and fructose is called a(n)
hexose
Germ Theory of Disease
idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms
Prions
infectious proteins
microscopic
invisible to the naked eye
An infectious disease is one that ______.
is caused by a microorganism
A complex of carbohydrate and lipid in gram-negative bacterial cell walls, that can cause fever and shock in the host, is called .
lipopolysaccharide
Polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
Most ______ are made up of monomers linked into polymers.
macromolecules
All organisms are constructed from a few major types of biological molecules called ______, large molecules made of repeating subunits called ___
macromolecules; monomers
The germ theory of disease stated that ______.
microorganisms could cause infection and disease
A ______ is the simple sugar building block for carbohydrates consisting of 3 to 7 carbon atoms
monosaccharide
The simplest and smallest unit of a carbohydrate is specifically called a
monosaccharide
sterile
no living microbes
Outside of their hosts, viruses are composed of _____ and _____.
nucleic acid and protein
In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as ______.
pathogens
Since it is a 5-carbon sugar, xylose is referred to as a(n)
pentose
A compound in which polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments that provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall is ______.
peptidoglycan
A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the structural support of bacterial cell walls is called
peptidoglycan
This technique, which allows scientists to detect tiny amounts of DNA and then amplify them, is termed _____.
polymerase chain reaction
ubiquitous
present or existing everywhere
Older diseases that are experiencing recent increases in prevalence are referred to as ______ diseases.
reemerging
peptide
short chain of amino acids
Bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
For the organism Escherichia coli, coli represents its ______ name.
species
Theory of Evolution
states that organisms change and develop over time to adapt an increase rate of survival
An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as _____.
sterile
Which term refers to an area or object that is completely free of all life forms, including spores, and all virus particles?
sterile
Common table sugar is called ______.
sucrose
The disaccharide that is common table or cane sugar is called .
sucrose
Recombinant DNA technology
technology that combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule
The Human Microbiome Project has demonstrated that the ______ of microbes found in and on humans are diverse but the ______ of the microbes are similar.
types; metabolic capabilities
Microbes can be found nearly everywhere on earth, from the depths of the earth's crust and its oceans to the insides of plants and animals, so microbes are described as
ubiquitous
The term 'carbohydrate' refers to the fact that most compounds in this class are combinations of which element and which molecule?
water and carbon