Microbiology Chapter 16

In type ____ hypersensitivities the antigens are attached to the surface of cells, whereas in type _____ hypersensitivities the antigens are soluble.

2, 3

Serum sickness and the Arthus reaction are different from anaphylaxis in which ways? Multiple select question.

Anaphylaxis is mediated by IgE antibodies, Anaphylaxis involves immediate symptoms.

Which immune complex disease results in localized dermal injury due to inflamed blood vessels in the vicinity of an injected antigen?

Arthus reaction

Which type of recurrent infections are possible in individuals suffering from a primary B-cell immunodeficiency?

Bacterial, Protozoan, Viral

Type 4

Cell mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity

What causes the signs/symptoms of allergy?

Effects of mast cell mediators on targets

Which of the following is NOT a systemic target of the chemical mediators released by mast cells and basophils?

Epithelial tissue

Which characteristics of mast cells and basophils relate to their role in allergic reactions?

High affinity for IgE, Contain granules with cytokines, Tendency to degranulate, Located throughout body systems

What is the name of the inborn disease in which the gamma globulin (antibody) fraction of serum is greatly reduced? Multiple choice question.

Hypogammaglobulinemia

When cytotoxic T cells of a host recognize foreign class I MHC markers on the surface of grafted cells, they release the cytokine _____ as part of a generalized immune mobilization.

IL 2

Type 2

IgG and IgM-mediated tissue destruction

Type 3

Immune complex reactions

Which of the following does NOT occur in the second encounter with an allergen?

Immunoglobulins bind into mast cell membranes

Which of the following best defines an universal donor? Multiple choice question.

In blood grouping and transfusion, a group O individual whose erythrocytes bear neither antigen A nor B.

What is the immediate and intended effect of anti-inflammatory drugs like the corticosteroids? Multiple choice question.

Inhibit lymphocyte activity resulting in a reduction in IgE

Which of the following are common effects of histamine?

Intense itching Wheal-and-flare reaction Dilation of smooth muscle Constriction of smooth muscle Increased glandular secretions

Which of the following could trigger cancer? Multiple select question.

Interactions between gene products External signals received by a cell Interactions between genes

Which of the following are potential mild and severe symptoms of anaphylaxis? Multiple select question.

Itching Difficulties breathing Sneezing Convulsions Prostration

Which of the following is NOT a sign/symptom of serum sickness? Multiple choice question.

Localized inflammation of tissue

Which of the following is NOT a likely outcome of a mismatched blood transfusion?

Lymphadenopathy

A second encounter with an allergen would result in which of the following events?

Mast cells degranulate, Signs/symptoms appear, Allergen binds to IgE on mast cells, Massive amounts of cytokines are released

Which type of macromolecule is most allergenic?

Proteins

Rh factor incompatibility can result in the lysis of

RBCs

Besides the gastrointestinal symptoms, which of the following are symptoms of food allergy?

Rhinitis Rashes Anaphylaxis Asthma Hives

Which of the following best describes how RhoGAM works?

RhoGAM binds to Rh+ antigens

Wheal Flare

The name that is given to the skin test that indicates sensitivity to a particular allergen is

immunopathology

The study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response

What occurs when T-cells encounter cells displaying foreign MHC molecules?

They recognize and react against the foreign cells based on MHC types.

Which of the following classification systems is currently used to differentiate hypersensitivity reactions?

Type 1 and IV

Type 1

allergy and anaphylaxis

Molecules that differ in the same species are referred to as

alloantigens

Immune complex diseases are triggered by the formation of free-floating _____ complexes that can deposit in tissues.

antigen-antibody

Tissue destruction occurs in type III reactions when immune complexes deposit in the ____ of epithelial tissues.

basement membrane

_____ antibodies are IgG antibodies that remove allergen from the system before it can bind to IgE.

blocking

Which of the following represent the effects of smooth muscle changes in response to the chemical mediators of allergy?

blood pressure changes blood flow changes changes in respiration

Which of the following are means that lead to the development of Rh antibodies?

blood transfusion placental sensitization

Immune complexes recruit various inflammatory components such as ____ and ____ which would eliminate Ag-Ab complexes as part of the normal immune response.

complement, neutrophils

Type II hypersensitivities involve ______. Multiple choice question.

complement-assisted cell lysis by antibodies

Compared to cutaneous anaphylaxis, the ___ of chemical mediators and the ____ of the response are greatly amplified in systemic anaphylaxis.

concentration, strength

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of histamine?

constriction of blood vessels

The primary cell type responsible for host rejection of a graft is the

cytotoxic t cell

The release of the contents of cytoplasmic granules by basophils and mast cells, in response to allergen binding to IgE receptors, is called ________.

degranulation

Signs and symptoms of type I allergies include ______.

diarrhea rashes redness sneezing itching rhinitis

immunodeficiency

disease is defined as a state in which immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed or destroyed.

An individual may develop Rh antibodies following placental ___ or blood ____

exposure, transfusion

A recipient has an immune system reaction to foreign tissues and cells of another individual in

grafts and tranfusions

Secondary immune deficiency is acquired through

infection, chemotherapy, radiation, organic disease

Hay Fever

is a form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages.

RH factor

is an antigen on red blood cells that can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components.

Agammaglobulinemia

is the absence of antibodies in serum.

IgE

is the class of antibodies associated with type I allergies.

IgE

is the immunoglobulin class which is most often associated with histamine release.

IgE is associated with the allergic response because the Fc region binds to ________ and _________.

mast cells, basophils

The signs and symptoms of allergies are caused, not by the allergen itself, but by chemical ____ released by basophils and mast cells.

mediators

Which of the following are systemic targets of the chemical mediators released by mast cells and basophils?

mucus glands nervous tissue smooth muscle

Immune complex

or Type III reaction is characterized by the reaction of soluble antigen with antibody and the deposition of the resulting complexes in basement membranes of epithelial tissue.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of chemical mediators of allergy on smooth muscle tissue targets?

pain and anxiety

The treatment for primary B-cell immunodeficiency is ____ immunotherapy and continuous ___therapy.

passive, antibiotic

The first Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother is usually unaffected because ____ sensitization is usually not completed before birth.

placental

IgE is produced by ___ cells

plasma

The main chemical mediators involved in the allergic response include ______.

platelet-activating factor, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotriene, histamine, prostaglandins

Immunodeficiencies that are based on genetic errors and present at birth (congenital) are called

primary immunodeficiencies.

If the mother does not receive treatment, the second Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother is usually affected by hemolytic disease of the newborn because the mother's immune system has been ___ for a second contact.

primed

Antibodies

reactive to another blood type may exist in serum even though contact with other blood types has never occurred.

Predominant consequences of immunodeficiencies include ______.

recurrent infections, opportunistic infections

Which of the following are the signs/symptoms of serum sickness? Multiple select question.

skin rashes painful joints renal dysfunction enlarged lymph nodes

The pathology seen in the common types of SCID is either the result of complete absence of lymphocyte ___ cells in the bone marrow or due to the dysfunction of B cells and ____ cells later in development.

stem, t