Microbiology Chapter 17

The populations with the highest susceptibility to meningococcal meningitis are young ___________ and young ____________

children; adults

What are the symptoms of CJD?

uncontrollable muscle contraction dementia/senility impaired memory

Those receiving the vaccination against tetanus have protection for about _______ years

10

Patients with _________ have the highest rates of cryptococcal meningitis

AIDS

Botulinum acts on the presynaptic neuron and prevents the release of __________ which initiates muscle contraction.

Acetylcholine

Botulinum acts on the presynaptic neuron and prevents the release of ___________ which initiates muscle contraction

Acetylcholine

The botulinum toxin prevents the release of ______ at the neuromuscular junction, thus preventing muscle contraction

Acetylcholine

Which of the following are factors that predispose a person to meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?

Diabetes Cancer Steroid treatments Immunodeficiency

An inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection is

Encephalitis

True or false: Infants are susceptible to botulism because their immune system hasn't fully developed.

False

True or false: The most valuable means of prevention for arboviral encephalitis is vaccination of susceptible individuals and animals.

False

The Gram reaction and cellular morphology of Clostridium tetani are _____.

Gram positive, spore forming rods/bacillus

Which of the following protect the brain and spinal cord?

I. Blood brain barrier II. Skull and vertebrae (bony structures) III. CSF IV. Meninges V. Brain macrophages VI. Microglial cells

The signs/symptoms of CJD are ______.

Impaired memory Uncontrollable muscle contraction Dementia/senility

A patient suffering from meningitis may have sensitivity to light, called _____________ and skin __________ depending on the type of disease

Photophobia; rashes

Areas with high _______ populations also have high incidences of Cryptococcus neoformans

Pigeons

Which of the following statements regarding the polio virus infection are correct?

Polio virus infiltrates motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Most infections are contained as short-term, mild viremia.

______________ is an acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis.

Poliomyelitis

_________________ is often diagnosed in long-term survivors of a childhood polio infection, causing progressive muscle deterioration

Post-polio syndrome

Listeriosis is transmitted mainly through the consumption of contaminated _____________

Poultry, Dairy products and meat

The most susceptible group to listeriosis are ________ women

Pregnant

Which two vaccines are recommended for prevention of pneumococcal infections?

Prevnar and Pneumovax 23

A proteinaceous infectious particle that contains no genetic material is known as a

Prion

Which type of pathogen is a proteinaceous infectious particle that does not contain any genetic material?

Prion

Which of the following are highly resistant to chemicals, radiation, and heat, and can withstand prolonged autoclaving?

Prions

__________ is a slow, progressive zoonotic disease characterized by a fatal encephalitis

Rabies

__________ is a type of viral encephalitis spread by animals

Rabies

Which of the following are not considered defenses of the brain and spinal cord?

Rapid inflammatory response Enhanced phagocyte activity Enhanced complement levels

Rabies is spread to humans from both wild and domestic animals through ______.

Scratches Droplet inhalation Bites

Signs and symptoms of encephalitis may vary, but include confusion and behavior changes, decreased consciousness, ___________, and symptoms of meningitis

Seizures

The signs and symptoms of CJD include altered behavior, dementia, memory loss, impaired senses, delirium, and premature ________

Sensility

The poliovirus is transmitted through all of the following except ______.

Sexual intercourse and aerosols

Prevention of toxoplasmosis is through proper handling of ________ and good ________

meat, feces; hygiene

Infection with Naegleria fowleri or Acanthamoeba results in _____.

meningoencephalitis

Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in a pregnant woman can result in ________ or other abnormalities

stillbirth or miscarriage

Botulism is an intoxication usually associated with ______ that results in muscle paralysis.

Eating poorly preserved foods

Which organism is the causative agent of botulism?

Clostridium botulinum

The three types of botulism are ______.

Food-borne Infant Wound

Routine post-exposure vaccination for rabies involves intramuscular or intradermal injection is

Four times in two weeks

Naegleria fowleri is transmitted by warm __________

Freshwater

Which of the following are good preventative measures for toxoplasmosis?

Good hygiene and proper handling of meat

Neonatal meningitis is transmitted ______.

In utero or during birth

Which of the following are not typical signs or symptoms of most cases of meningitis?

Respiratory paralysis Diarrhea Increased neutrophils in the blood

The vaccination for tetanus consists of _____.

Toxoids

True or False: There is no normal biota in the CNS or PNS

True

Toxoplasma gondii is classified as a(n) ________

protozoan

Meningoencephalitis, disease in both the meninges and the brain, is caused by an infection with _____

Amoeba's

Which types of viruses are transmitted by insects?

Arbovirus

The most serious types of meningitis are caused by _______________ because they induce the greatest inflammatory response

Bacteria

Which type of microorganism causes the more serious types of meningitis?

Bacteria

Which are typical signs and symptoms of encephalitis?

Behavioral changes Changes in consciousness Seizures

Cryptococcus neoformans is prevalent in areas populated by which type of organism?

Birds

Which component of the nervous system lacks a normal biota?

Both the central and the peripheral systems

A disease caused by an exotoxin found in poorly preserved foods is ______

Botulism

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the ______.

Brain

The main host for Toxoplasma gondii in its life cycle is _______

Cats

Toxoplasma gondii undergoes a sexual phase in the intestine of ______ and is then released in the feces, where it becomes an infective oocyst that survives in moist soil for several months

Cats

Meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in those with a healthy immune system is ________ and ________

Chronic; gradual

The mode of transmission for most cases of listeriosis is _____

Contaminated food

The long-term prognosis for CJD infection is always

Death

Which of the following statements regarding the polio virus infection are correct?

Most infections are contained as short-term, mild viremia. Polio virus infiltrates motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

Identify the correct statements regarding polio virus infection.

Most people infected with polio virus exhibit mild nonspecific symptoms. Virus is carried to the central nervous system through its blood supply.

Gram-negative cocci responsible for most serious cases of acute meningitis in young children in the United States are ___________ ____________ serotypes, B, C and Y

Neisseira Meningitidis

Which of the following organisms causes the most serious form of acute meningitis, mostly in very young children?

Neisseria meningitidis - Meningococcus

Which organism is the most frequent cause of community-acquired meningitis?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Treatment of most arboviral infections relies on ________ measures to control fever, convulsions, dehydration, shock and edema

Support

The typical treatment plan for confirmed arboviral encephalitis is _____

Support measures

Which represents the typical mode of transmission for Naegleria infections?

Swimming/Aquatic activities

The causative agent of tetanus is Clostridium ____________

Tetani

The neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani is called

Tetanospasmin

Babies are susceptible to infant botulism because __________

Their intestinal tract is immature

A protozoan ____________ is a flagellated parasite that causes the majority of subacute encephalitis cases.

Toxoplasma

True or false: Although empiric acyclovir treatment may be begun in case the infection is actually caused by herpes simplex or varicella zoster, there is no satisfactory treatment for any of the types of encephalitis caused by arboviruses.

True

The main method for preventing polio is ___________ as soon as possible

Vaccination

The main prevention for polio is _____

Vaccination

Which is the most valuable means of prevention for arboviral encephalitis?

Vector control

Which groups are at high risk for rabies?

Veterinarians Animal handlers

The type of meningitis that is usually milder than the disease caused by other organisms and often resolves within two weeks is ________ or "aseptic" meningitis

Viral

Cases of encephalitis are usually caused by

Viruses

Meningitis caused by ________ is usually milder and shorter lived.

Viruses

Which type of infectious agent is the usual cause of most cases of acute encephalitis?

Viruses

Which type of infectious agent is the usual cause of most cases of acute encephalitis?

Viurses

Rabies is spread to humans from _____.

Wild and domesticated animals

The poliovirus is passed within the population through food, water, hands, objects contaminated with ______ or _______ vectors

feces; mechanical

Infection with toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can cause damage to the fetus in the form of ______.

damage to the retina spleen enlargement liver failure stillbirth hydrocephalus

Neonatal meningitis is almost always a result of infection transmitted by the mother ______

either in utero or during passage through the birth canal

Clostridium botulinum is a(n) _____

endospore-forming anaerobe