Microbiology Chapter 17
The populations with the highest susceptibility to meningococcal meningitis are young ___________ and young ____________
children; adults
What are the symptoms of CJD?
uncontrollable muscle contraction dementia/senility impaired memory
Those receiving the vaccination against tetanus have protection for about _______ years
10
Patients with _________ have the highest rates of cryptococcal meningitis
AIDS
Botulinum acts on the presynaptic neuron and prevents the release of __________ which initiates muscle contraction.
Acetylcholine
Botulinum acts on the presynaptic neuron and prevents the release of ___________ which initiates muscle contraction
Acetylcholine
The botulinum toxin prevents the release of ______ at the neuromuscular junction, thus preventing muscle contraction
Acetylcholine
Which of the following are factors that predispose a person to meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?
Diabetes Cancer Steroid treatments Immunodeficiency
An inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection is
Encephalitis
True or false: Infants are susceptible to botulism because their immune system hasn't fully developed.
False
True or false: The most valuable means of prevention for arboviral encephalitis is vaccination of susceptible individuals and animals.
False
The Gram reaction and cellular morphology of Clostridium tetani are _____.
Gram positive, spore forming rods/bacillus
Which of the following protect the brain and spinal cord?
I. Blood brain barrier II. Skull and vertebrae (bony structures) III. CSF IV. Meninges V. Brain macrophages VI. Microglial cells
The signs/symptoms of CJD are ______.
Impaired memory Uncontrollable muscle contraction Dementia/senility
A patient suffering from meningitis may have sensitivity to light, called _____________ and skin __________ depending on the type of disease
Photophobia; rashes
Areas with high _______ populations also have high incidences of Cryptococcus neoformans
Pigeons
Which of the following statements regarding the polio virus infection are correct?
Polio virus infiltrates motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Most infections are contained as short-term, mild viremia.
______________ is an acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis.
Poliomyelitis
_________________ is often diagnosed in long-term survivors of a childhood polio infection, causing progressive muscle deterioration
Post-polio syndrome
Listeriosis is transmitted mainly through the consumption of contaminated _____________
Poultry, Dairy products and meat
The most susceptible group to listeriosis are ________ women
Pregnant
Which two vaccines are recommended for prevention of pneumococcal infections?
Prevnar and Pneumovax 23
A proteinaceous infectious particle that contains no genetic material is known as a
Prion
Which type of pathogen is a proteinaceous infectious particle that does not contain any genetic material?
Prion
Which of the following are highly resistant to chemicals, radiation, and heat, and can withstand prolonged autoclaving?
Prions
__________ is a slow, progressive zoonotic disease characterized by a fatal encephalitis
Rabies
__________ is a type of viral encephalitis spread by animals
Rabies
Which of the following are not considered defenses of the brain and spinal cord?
Rapid inflammatory response Enhanced phagocyte activity Enhanced complement levels
Rabies is spread to humans from both wild and domestic animals through ______.
Scratches Droplet inhalation Bites
Signs and symptoms of encephalitis may vary, but include confusion and behavior changes, decreased consciousness, ___________, and symptoms of meningitis
Seizures
The signs and symptoms of CJD include altered behavior, dementia, memory loss, impaired senses, delirium, and premature ________
Sensility
The poliovirus is transmitted through all of the following except ______.
Sexual intercourse and aerosols
Prevention of toxoplasmosis is through proper handling of ________ and good ________
meat, feces; hygiene
Infection with Naegleria fowleri or Acanthamoeba results in _____.
meningoencephalitis
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in a pregnant woman can result in ________ or other abnormalities
stillbirth or miscarriage
Botulism is an intoxication usually associated with ______ that results in muscle paralysis.
Eating poorly preserved foods
Which organism is the causative agent of botulism?
Clostridium botulinum
The three types of botulism are ______.
Food-borne Infant Wound
Routine post-exposure vaccination for rabies involves intramuscular or intradermal injection is
Four times in two weeks
Naegleria fowleri is transmitted by warm __________
Freshwater
Which of the following are good preventative measures for toxoplasmosis?
Good hygiene and proper handling of meat
Neonatal meningitis is transmitted ______.
In utero or during birth
Which of the following are not typical signs or symptoms of most cases of meningitis?
Respiratory paralysis Diarrhea Increased neutrophils in the blood
The vaccination for tetanus consists of _____.
Toxoids
True or False: There is no normal biota in the CNS or PNS
True
Toxoplasma gondii is classified as a(n) ________
protozoan
Meningoencephalitis, disease in both the meninges and the brain, is caused by an infection with _____
Amoeba's
Which types of viruses are transmitted by insects?
Arbovirus
The most serious types of meningitis are caused by _______________ because they induce the greatest inflammatory response
Bacteria
Which type of microorganism causes the more serious types of meningitis?
Bacteria
Which are typical signs and symptoms of encephalitis?
Behavioral changes Changes in consciousness Seizures
Cryptococcus neoformans is prevalent in areas populated by which type of organism?
Birds
Which component of the nervous system lacks a normal biota?
Both the central and the peripheral systems
A disease caused by an exotoxin found in poorly preserved foods is ______
Botulism
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the ______.
Brain
The main host for Toxoplasma gondii in its life cycle is _______
Cats
Toxoplasma gondii undergoes a sexual phase in the intestine of ______ and is then released in the feces, where it becomes an infective oocyst that survives in moist soil for several months
Cats
Meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in those with a healthy immune system is ________ and ________
Chronic; gradual
The mode of transmission for most cases of listeriosis is _____
Contaminated food
The long-term prognosis for CJD infection is always
Death
Which of the following statements regarding the polio virus infection are correct?
Most infections are contained as short-term, mild viremia. Polio virus infiltrates motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
Identify the correct statements regarding polio virus infection.
Most people infected with polio virus exhibit mild nonspecific symptoms. Virus is carried to the central nervous system through its blood supply.
Gram-negative cocci responsible for most serious cases of acute meningitis in young children in the United States are ___________ ____________ serotypes, B, C and Y
Neisseira Meningitidis
Which of the following organisms causes the most serious form of acute meningitis, mostly in very young children?
Neisseria meningitidis - Meningococcus
Which organism is the most frequent cause of community-acquired meningitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Treatment of most arboviral infections relies on ________ measures to control fever, convulsions, dehydration, shock and edema
Support
The typical treatment plan for confirmed arboviral encephalitis is _____
Support measures
Which represents the typical mode of transmission for Naegleria infections?
Swimming/Aquatic activities
The causative agent of tetanus is Clostridium ____________
Tetani
The neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani is called
Tetanospasmin
Babies are susceptible to infant botulism because __________
Their intestinal tract is immature
A protozoan ____________ is a flagellated parasite that causes the majority of subacute encephalitis cases.
Toxoplasma
True or false: Although empiric acyclovir treatment may be begun in case the infection is actually caused by herpes simplex or varicella zoster, there is no satisfactory treatment for any of the types of encephalitis caused by arboviruses.
True
The main method for preventing polio is ___________ as soon as possible
Vaccination
The main prevention for polio is _____
Vaccination
Which is the most valuable means of prevention for arboviral encephalitis?
Vector control
Which groups are at high risk for rabies?
Veterinarians Animal handlers
The type of meningitis that is usually milder than the disease caused by other organisms and often resolves within two weeks is ________ or "aseptic" meningitis
Viral
Cases of encephalitis are usually caused by
Viruses
Meningitis caused by ________ is usually milder and shorter lived.
Viruses
Which type of infectious agent is the usual cause of most cases of acute encephalitis?
Viruses
Which type of infectious agent is the usual cause of most cases of acute encephalitis?
Viurses
Rabies is spread to humans from _____.
Wild and domesticated animals
The poliovirus is passed within the population through food, water, hands, objects contaminated with ______ or _______ vectors
feces; mechanical
Infection with toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can cause damage to the fetus in the form of ______.
damage to the retina spleen enlargement liver failure stillbirth hydrocephalus
Neonatal meningitis is almost always a result of infection transmitted by the mother ______
either in utero or during passage through the birth canal
Clostridium botulinum is a(n) _____
endospore-forming anaerobe