INBDE Part 2

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A patient with penicillin allergy (hypersensitivity) can take which of the following antibiotics? Amoxicillin. Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. Clindamycin. Penicillin VK.

Clindamycin

What causes the change in the patient's skin color? ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) Bilirubin

billirubin

Hepatitis C virus infection is MOST often transmitted through... blood contact. oral secretions. sexual contact. fecal-oral route.

blood

Which of the following is produced when a mutation occurs in an enzyme controlling a signal pathway involved in cell growth processes? Epigene Transgene Antigene Monogene Oncogene

oncogene

By 2030, the CDC would like to reduce the proportion of 3-19-year-old children and adolescents with active and currently untreated tooth decay in their primary or permanent teeth to? 10.2% 13.4%

10.2

The standard I.V. dose of drug A is 100 mg. The bioavailability of the oral form of drug A is 10%. To ensure the same amount of absorption is achieved, what should the oral dose be? 100 mg 10 mg 1000 mg 110 mg

1000mg

___ What is the tooth that is expected to erupt in in the next few months at location #6? 19 K 17 18 L M

Assume that the annual death rate from oral cancer is 90 per 100,000 among the US baseball players who chew tobacco compared to 2 per 100,000 among those who do not chew tobacco. What is the rate ratio of dying from oral cancer for those who chew tobacco compared to those who do not chew tobacco? 45 92 88 180 The ratio cannot be determined from the information given

Current Findings: Heavy calculus deposits on the lingual side of the lower anterior teeth. Choose the pH which is the MOST likely present in this patient. pH 8.0 pH 6.0 pH 5.0 pH 7.0

Chief Complaint: I am here for a cleaning. Background/Patient History: No known medical issues, does not take any medications. Wondering why does he have such calculus formation. Current Findings: Heavy calculus deposits on the lingual side of the lower anterior teeth. Choose the pH which is the MOST likely present in this patient. pH 5.0 pH 6.0 pH 7.0 pH 8.0

5.0

When we eat and drink, the oral environment changes. This can include a change in the pH. What is the critical pH of saliva at which enamel begins to demineralize? 4.4 3.3 5.5 5.0 6.6

5.5

Patient: Patient and his mother are in your office Chief Complaint: Regular check up Background: No significant medical issues Current Findings: Normal appearing teeth ___________________________________________________________ What is the age of this child? 5 8 4 7 6

What is the age of this child? 5 6 8 7 4

About the Patient: 23-year-old African-American woman. Background / Patient History: Patient reports feeling tired, cold, and light-headed. She has recently lost weight due to a "grapefruit diet," in which the only food she eats is ½ grapefruit twice a day. Chief Complaint: "I have a check-up scheduled for today. But I feel kind of dizzy. Can I get in the chair before I faint?" Current Findings: Extraoral examination shows sallow skin and cold hands and feet. Vital signs: BP: 114/74 Height: 5'6" Weight: 106 lbs Later blood tests reveal anemia. You look at her blood test results. What would you expect for the hemoglobin results? 40% 7 g/dL 13 g/dL 48% 17 g/dL 33%

7 g/dL

Patient: Your patient is an otherwise healthy 18-year-old-female. Chief Complaint: The patient presents c/o pain on chewing on the lower right jaw. The patient has been in pain for more than two weeks. Background / Patient History: The patient is 5'2" and weighs 125 pounds. Her blood pressure is 118/77 with a pulse of 60. Current Findings: You examine her and see that the mucosa around her wisdom tooth is swollen. You also take a panoramic radiograph which shows that the tooth is partially erupted. Together with the faculty, you decide that she needs to have her lower right third molar tooth (#32) removed in the Oral Surgery Clinic. She is going to have the tooth taken out with local anesthesia. __________________________________________________________ What is the maximum dose of lidocaine with epinephrine for your patient? 5 mg/kg 3 mg/kg 2.5mg/kg 7mg/kg

7 mg/kg

: Her voice is noticeably hoarse, and sounds different as compared to her previous visits. If a histological section was taken from her larynx, it would look like the attached image.

A = true vocal fold; B = false vocal fold (vestibular fold)

This image shows a magnified view of the epithelium in two parts of the larynx (see the boxes labeled A1 and B1). What types of epithelium are shown? Which is more specialized to resist damage due to abrasion?

A1 = stratified squamous, B1 =pseudostratifed. A1 is more protective against abrasion.

Patient: 62-year-old female Chief complaint: The patient says, "My lower back teeth hurt a lot! On the left side. Also, I think I look swollen under my chin, and my tongue feels thick." Background/or patient history: None. Current Findings: The patient has a temperature of 101.8 F. She has redness and swelling in the suprahyoid region of the neck, and her tongue is swollen. An x-ray reveals a periapical abscess of the left 3rd mandibular molar. You diagnose Ludwig's angina. The most likely pathway of infection was: Abscess >> sublingual space >> submandibular space Abscess >> submandibular space >> sublingual space Abscess >> carotid sheath >> sublingual space >> submandibular space Abscess >> infratemporal space >> submandibular and sublingual spaces

Abscess >> submandibular space >> sublingual space

Patient: 35 years old. Chief Complaint: A class V restoration in tooth #8 facial has fallen out. There is no pain. Background / Patient History: #8F was restored three months ago with resin-bonded composite resin. The class V lesion was caused erosion and/or abrasion. There was no caries, so no cavity preparation was considered necessary. Current Findings: The patient has a high lip-line, so the cavity is visible when they smile. There is minor gingival recession, and the gingival margin of the cavity is on the root surface. _________________________________________________ The correct order for preparing the tooth surface for a composite resin restoration is: Acid-etch, rinse, desiccate, bond. Acid-etch, rinse, dry, bond. Acid-etch, bond, rinse, dry. Acid-etch, bond, rinse, desiccate.

Acid-etch, rinse, dry, bond.

About the Patient: Male, 70 years old Chief Complaint: "I have a red rash above my right upper lip and on my right cheek that feels like it's burning and being poked by needles. There are blisters too and the pain is getting worse." Background / Patient History: The patient has been fatigued and had a low fever with headache for a few days before the rash appeared. Current Findings: Rash is restricted to the skin above the right upper lip and right zygomatic region. The blisters are fluid-filled. The patient remembers having had chickenpox when he was a child. __________________________________________________________ Which is the best treatment option for this condition? Beta-Lactams (Cephalosporins) Clotrimazole Acyclovir or valacyclovir

Acyclovir or valacyclovir

Addressing the mother's concern from the chief complaint, what can the clinician consider to figure out if the tooth is permanent or primary? All of the answers are correct Color Crown and cusp shape Size

All

Patient: Your patient is an otherwise healthy 18-year-old-female. Chief Complaint: The patient presents c/o pain on chewing on the lower right jaw. The patient has been in pain for more than two weeks. Background / Patient History: The patient is 5'2" and weighs 125 pounds. Her blood pressure is 118/77 with a pulse of 60. Current Findings: You examine her and see that the mucosa around her wisdom tooth is swollen. You also take a panoramic radiograph which shows that the tooth is partially erupted. Together with the faculty, you decide that she needs to have her lower right third molar tooth (#32) removed in the Oral Surgery Clinic. She is going to have the tooth taken out with local anesthesia. __________________________________________________________ What are some commonly used anesthetics in dentistry? Aromatases and Diols Amides and Phenols Amides and Esters

Amides and esters

Patient: 53 year old woman Chief Complaint: My voice sounds funny. Background / Patient History: No significant history. Current Findings: Her voice is noticeably hoarse, and sounds different as compared to her previous visits. If a histological section was taken from her larynx, it would look like the attached image. An examination of the patient shows that the muscles on the left side of her larynx are paralyzed. This finding could be explained by which of the following

Aneurysm of the aortic arch

Patient: Male, 32-year-old Chief complaint: "I am having trouble breathing" Background/or patient history: History of mitral valve replacement 12 months ago Current Findings: Patient reported for an extraction of a central maxillary incisor. He was given an antibiotic prophylactically. Five minutes later the patient showed signs of excess mucus production, tongue/lip swelling, a drop in blood pressure and difficulty breathing. Which nerves did you anesthetize? (Select all correct choices) Lingual nerve (CNV3) Anterior superior alveolar nerve (CN V2) Nasopalatine (CN V2) Long buccal nerve (CN V3)

Anterior superior alveolar nerve (CN V2) Nasopalatine (CN V2)

Patient: Female, 25 years old Chief complaint: She describes a cotton-like feeling in her mouth and lack of taste. She has tried brushing her tongue but this just caused slight bleeding. Background/or patient history: HR is a 25 yo F with HIV that is well controlled on combination antiretroviral therapy. She recently was prescribed antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. HR also has liver disease. She presented one week ago with creamy white lesions on her tongue, and you prescribed Nystatin. Current Findings: HR's HIV infection is out of control and the creamy white lesions are spreading to the esophageal area. Which of the following represents a possible pathway of blood supply to the area where the patient is experiencing bleeding? (select all that apply) Aortic arch >> left common carotid artery >> external carotid artery >> lingual artery >> dorsal lingual artery Aortic arch >> brachiocephalic trunk >> right common carotid artery >> external carotid artery >> lingual artery >> dorsal lingual artery Aortic arch >> brachiocephalic trunk >> right common carotid artery >> internal carotid artery >> lingual artery >> dorsal lingual artery Aortic arch >> brachiocephalic trunk >> left common carotid artery >> external carotid artery >> lingual artery >> dorsal lingual artery

Aortic arch >> left common carotid artery >> external carotid artery >> lingual artery >> dorsal lingual artery Aortic arch >> brachiocephalic trunk >> right common carotid artery >> external carotid artery >> lingual artery >> dorsal lingual artery Aortic arch >> brachiocephalic trunk >> right common carotid artery >> internal carotid artery >> lingual artery >> dorsal lingual artery Aortic arch >> brachiocephalic trunk >> left common carotid artery >> external carotid artery >> lingual artery >> dorsal lingual artery

About the Patient: 23-year-old African-American woman. Background / Patient History: Patient reports feeling tired, cold, and light-headed. She has recently lost weight due to a "grapefruit diet," in which the only food she eats is ½ grapefruit twice a day. Chief Complaint: "I have a check-up scheduled for today. But I feel kind of dizzy. Can I get in the chair before I faint?" Current Findings: Extraoral examination shows sallow skin and cold hands and feet. Vital signs: BP: 114/74 Height: 5'6" Weight: 106 lbs Later blood tests reveal anemia. Which cell death mechanism is being used to provide nutrients to your patient's body? Pyroptosis Autophagy Apoptosis Necrosis

Autophagy

Chief complaint: Severe toothache and pain under the left eye. Background/or patient history: JS has calcified aortic stenosis. He previously had infective endocarditis, when he was 70 years old, for which he received 4 weeks of antimicrobial therapy. JS is allergic to penicillin. Current Findings: Badly decayed left 2nd maxillary molar, and a tooth extraction is required. If an antimicrobial prophylaxis prior to a tooth extraction is needed, what will be an appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis treatment? Amoxicillin 1 hour prior to the procedure. Azithromycin 1 hour prior to the procedure. Amoxicillin 12 hours prior to the procedure. Azithromycin 12 hours prior to the procedure.

Azithromycin 1 hour prior to the procedure.

urrent Findings: Examinations showed enlarged tonsils and swollen tender lymph nodes (Lymphadenopathy). Lab results showed negative for gonococcal and beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. An enlarged spleen (Splenomegaly) is detected during a physical exam. Viral serology showed positive for Epstein-Barr virus. ___________________________________________________ What kind of cells are the major target cells of the patient's infection? B cells Neuron cells Macrophages

Background/or patient history: JS has calcified aortic stenosis. He previously had infective endocarditis, when he was 70 years old, for which he received 4 weeks of antimicrobial therapy. JS is allergic to penicillin. Current Findings: Badly decayed left 2nd maxillary molar, and a tooth extraction is required. JS may feel pain under his eye because infection from tooth decay could have traveled to the maxillary sinus. The roots of the maxillary molars may protrude into the maxillary sinus. Both statements are correct. The first statement is correct, the second is false. The first statement is false, the second is correct. Both statements are false.

Both correct

Patient: Male, 45-year-old Chief Complaint: "I was just diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer" Background/Patient History: Presents for recall, surgery is scheduled in 3 weeks Current Findings: Squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue Depending on the exact location and size of the tumor, the cancer may have spread to lymph nodes on the... Contralateral side only Ipsilateral side only Ipsilateral and contralateral sides

Both ipsi and contra

It is not recommended to drink a large quantity of alcohol while taking acetaminophen. This is because: By the alcohol induction of CYP450, acetaminophen is metabolized into inactive metabolite By the alcohol inhibition of CYP450, acetaminophen is not metabolized By the alcohol induction of CYP450, increased amount of a toxic metabolite of acetaminophen will damage the liver

By the alcohol induction of CYP450, increased amount of a toxic metabolite of acetaminophen will damage the liver

Patient: 32-year-old female Chief complaint: Has not been to dentist, she thinks, in 2 years. Having some cold sensitivity that lasts for about ½ minute. Background/or patient history: On review of medical history, patient admits to smoking 3-4 tobacco cigarettes a day. She started during college and had attempted quitting once or twice on her own. She is considering switching to e-cigarettes. Current Findings: On x-ray and visual examination you find a large Class I lesion in tooth #18. After anesthesia and the preparation of the tooth under rubber dam you find a very small pulpal exposure. The treatment of choice for this patient visit should be: RMGI and composite restoration Ca(OH)2 and IRM only Dycal and RMGI only Ca(OH)2, IRM and amalgam restoration

Ca(OH)2 and IRM only

Which of the following is an endogenous fungus that is capable of producing an opportunistic infection? Candida Rhizopus Blastomyces Aspergillus Cryptococcus

Canidia

Coupled respiration requires each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION? Inorganic phosphate Electron donor ADP Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

Patient: 62-year-old female Chief complaint: The patient says, "My lower back teeth hurt a lot! On the left side. Also, I think I look swollen under my chin, and my tongue feels thick." Background/or patient history: None. Current Findings: The patient has a temperature of 101.8 F. She has redness and swelling in the suprahyoid region of the neck, and her tongue is swollen. An x-ray reveals a periapical abscess of the left 3rd mandibular molar. You diagnose Ludwig's angina. To what other spaces could the infection travel if untreated? Select all correct answers. Carotid sheath Mediastinum Retropharyngeal space Parotid space

Carotid sheath Mediastinum Retropharyngeal space Parotid space

Patient: Male, 9 years old (accompanied by guardian) Chief complaint: Guardian asks: "Why is his new tooth more yellow? Can you take a look?" Background/or patient history: There are no significant findings on the med hx, and this is his first time at this dental office. Current Findings: The patient's dentition is typical of the stated age. __________________________________________________________ What is the sequence of eruption for primary teeth (from first tooth to erupt to final tooth to erupt)? Central incisors, lateral incisors, first molars, canines, second molars First molars, second molars, canines, lateral incisors, central incisors First molars, lateral incisors, canines, second molars, central incisors Central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, first molars, second molars

Central incisors, lateral incisors, first molars, canines, second molars

Patient: Female, 1-week-old infant accompanied by mother Chief Complaint: Parent: "She is not able to nurse with the opening in her upper lip and the palate area underneath the lip." Background / Patient History: Otherwise healthy newborn Current Findings: Unilateral cleft lip and palate, no other abnormalities are noted. __________________________________________________________ The infant is demonstrating what type of morphologic abnormality? Congential Hamartoma Choristoma Developmental

Congential

Which of the following is NOT TRUE in regard to the caries process and disease management of dental caries? Placing the dental filling only removes the offending bacteria from that cavity in the tooth. The caries process is a continuum resulting from many cycles of demineralization and remineralization. Key pathological and protective factors determine whether the caries process progresses, reverses or is in balance. Current evidence base demonstrates that antimicrobial mouth rinses are the only effective approach to ensure that the caries process is reversed in cases of severe unbalance.

Current evidence base demonstrates that antimicrobial mouth rinses are the only effective approach to ensure that the caries process is reversed in cases of severe unbalance.

There are four antihypertension drugs (same mechanism of action). The therapeutic index of each is A = 3, B = 8, C = 6, D = 20. Which drug is the safest of the four? Drug A Drug B Drug C Drug D

Which drug has the lowest potency? Drug A Drug B Drug C Drug D

Patient: 43-year-old female Chief complaint: The tooth you just filled is very sensitive. Background/or patient history: None. Current Findings: You restored tooth # 30. You had placed a deep composite restoration with only Dycal as a liner but no RMGI. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Sensitivity and pain may occur due to... disruption of the odontoblastic process in the dentinal tubules debonding of the composite the Dycal due to its high Ph the acidic etching procedures removing the dentin smear layers

Debonding of composite

Patient: Ten-year old male child accompanied by his mother. Chief complaint: A new patient that presents for a pediatric dental examination. Background/or patient history: Family recently moved into neighborhood and the child needs a pediatric dental examination. His mother also states that he suffers from hearing loss since birth. Mother states that child had dental sealants placed years ago but that they all "fell out" soon after they were put in. Current Findings: Clinical examination reveals that he has a small lower jaw, hypoplasia of facial bones and downward slanting palpebral fissures. What is the most likely cause of hearing loss in this patient? Defective middle ear ossicles Defective inner ear Defective eardrum Damage to cranial nerve IX

Defective middle ossicles

Chief Complaint: I am here for a cleaning. Background/Patient History: No known medical issues, does not take any medications. Wondering why does he have such calculus formation. Current Findings: Heavy calculus deposits on the lingual side of the lower anterior teeth. Which of the following is present in excess in the patient? Decacalcium phosphate (DCP) Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) Dicalcium phosphate (DCP) Hexacalciumphosphate (HCP)

Dicalcium phosphate (DCP)

urrent Findings: Heavy calculus deposits on the lingual side of the lower anterior teeth. Which of the following is present in excess in the patient? Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) Dicalcium phosphate (DCP) Decacalcium phosphate (DCP) Hexacalciumphosphate (HCP)

Dicalcium phosphate (DCP)

About the Patient: 17-year-old sailor on a sea voyag in the year 1695. Chief Complaint: Bleeding gum Background / Patient History: Sailor has been at sea for months eating dry foods stored on the ship. Current Findings: Severe gum inflammation that bleeds upon probing ______________________________________________ What nutritional advice would you give to this sailor? Eat more fat Do not dring alcohol Eat more meat Eat mrore fresh greens

Eat mrore fresh greens

Which of the following oral tissues contains the LEAST collagen? Bone Cementum Enamel Mucosa Dentin

Enamel

Equal

Each of the following cranial nerves is associated with the cavernous sinus EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION? Trochlear Abducens Trigeminal Facial Oculomotor

Facial

Patient: 19-year-old college student Chief Complaint: "I've had a throbbing pain behind my left ear for several days and now pus is coming out of my ear. I think I can't hear well out of that ear." Background / Patient History: Patient was diagnosed with an upper respiratory infection at her college's health services center. She was prescribed antibiotics but stopped taking them early. Current Findings: Visible inspection of the ear confirmed creamy pus draining from the external auditory canal and swelling with redness of the skin directly behind the external ear. The patient has a fever. If surgery becomes necessary to drain the infection, which nerve would be at most at risk? Vagus (CN X) Facial (CN VII) Maxillary (CN V2) Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

Facial (CN VII)

Fluconazole

The rapid emergence of new strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is primarily the result of: frequent errors introduced by viral reverse transcriptase. the lack of immune response to the viral envelope glycoprotein. the frequent genomic recombination between human immunodeficiency virus and other retroviruses. the imprecision of protein cleavage by viral protease. frequent errors in the translation of viral proteins.

Frequent errors introduced by viral reverse transcriptase

Patient: 32-year-old female patient presented to the dentist for a checkup. Chief complaint: Patient stated that "her mouth feels always dry" Background/or patient history: She had no previous medical history and was not taking any medication. Current Findings: The patient's extraoral exam revealed that her neck appeared slightly swollen in the thyroid gland area. Her intraoral exam revealed tongue and mucosal dryness. What might the dentist observe in the mouth as a result of the xerostomia? (Check all that apply) Geographic tongue Gingivitis Candidiasis Caries and demineralisation Fibroma on the buccal mucosa and periodontitis

Gingivitis Candidiasis Caries and demineralisation

Current Findings: Heavy calculus deposits on the lingual side of the lower anterior teeth. In order for calculus to deposit onto a tooth what needs to happen first? Have a degraded mucosal pellicle Have an intact acquired enamel pellicle Have a degraded acquired enamel pellicle Have an intact mucosal pellicle

Have a degraded acquired enamel pellicle

In order for calculus to deposit onto a tooth what needs to happen first? Have a degraded acquired enamel pellicle Have an intact mucosal pellicle Have an intact acquired enamel pellicle Have a degraded mucosal pellicle

Have a degraded acquired enamel pellicle

Background/or patient history: A cyst is detected protruding from the lower back of the fetus in a routine ultrasound examination during pregnancy. Current Findings: Additional imaging and clinical examinations reveal that the cyst contains parts of the spinal cord and the spinal meninges. To prevent an indirect consequence affecting the brain, an intrauterine surgery was performed to remove the cyst and close the gap in the spine. What would be the most likely "indirect consequence affecting the brain" if the surgery was not performed? Lissencephaly Holoprosencephaly Schizencephaly Hydrocephaly

Hydrocephaly

Patient: 32-year-old female Chief complaint: Has not been to dentist, she thinks, in 2 years. Having some cold sensitivity that lasts for about ½ minute. Background/or patient history: On review of medical history, patient admits to smoking 3-4 tobacco cigarettes a day. She started during college and had attempted quitting once or twice on her own. She is considering switching to e-cigarettes. Current Findings: On x-ray and visual examination you find a large Class I lesion in tooth #18. After anesthesia and the preparation of the tooth under rubber dam you find a very small pulpal exposure. Which nerve will you anesthetize to treat the patient? Inferior alveolar nerve Middle superior alveolar nerve Anterior superior alveolar nerve Posterior superior alveolar nerve

IAN

Patient: 35 years old. Chief Complaint: A class V restoration in tooth #8 facial has fallen out. There is no pain. Background / Patient History: #8F was restored three months ago with resin-bonded composite resin. The class V lesion was caused erosion and/or abrasion. There was no caries, so no cavity preparation was considered necessary. Current Findings: The patient has a high lip-line, so the cavity is visible when they smile. There is minor gingival recession, and the gingival margin of the cavity is on the root surface. _________________________________________________ For the replacement restoration, you plan to apply a bevel to the cavity margins. The primary purpose of the bevel is to: Enhance mechanical retention Increase the surface area of enamel Roughen the enamel at the cavity margin Improve the esthetic outcome

Increase the surface area of enamel

Patient: 32-year-old female Chief complaint: Has not been to dentist, she thinks, in 2 years. Having some cold sensitivity that lasts for about ½ minute. Background/or patient history: On review of medical history, patient admits to smoking 3-4 tobacco cigarettes a day. She started during college and had attempted quitting once or twice on her own. She is considering switching to e-cigarettes. Current Findings: On x-ray and visual examination you find a large Class I lesion in tooth #18. After anesthesia and the preparation of the tooth under rubber dam you find a very small pulpal exposure. All of the following are oral hazards of cigarette use, EXCEPT: Dental staining Nicotinic stomatitis Increased gingival bleeding Impaired oral healing

Increased gingival bleeding

Patient: 43-year-old female Chief complaint: The tooth you just filled is very sensitive. Background/or patient history: None. Current Findings: You restored tooth # 30. You had placed a deep composite restoration with only Dycal as a liner but no RMGI. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Which nerve innervates the roots of the tooth you restored? Inferior alveolar branch of facial nerve Mental branch of maxillary nerve Incisive branch of inferior alveolar nerve Inferior alveolar branch of maxillary nerve Inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve

Inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve

A 15-year-old male presents for emergency care. He is non-compliant with his type I diabetes regimen, and he suffered a fall while having an insulin reaction. He struck his chin and lacerated his tongue. Upon opening, his mandible deviates to the left. A panoramic radiograph reveals a fracture of the left condylar neck. Muscular contractions might result in displacement of the left condyle. Into which of the following areas will the condyle MOST likely be displaced? Temporal fossa Maxillary sinus Middle ear cavity Infratemporal fossa Oral cavity

Infratemporal fossa

In this patient if the incisors would be wider or peg shaped, what would be the cause for the size and shape variations? A mutation in the FGF genes Leftover dental lamina Leftover of the Epithelial Rests of Mallasez A mutation in the BMP genes

Mutation in FGF genes

Patient: Male, 45-year-old Chief Complaint: "I was just diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer" Background/Patient History: Presents for recall, surgery is scheduled in 3 weeks Current Findings: Squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue Which nerve/s would be responsible for any sensation of discomfort in the location of the carcinoma? Select all that apply. Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve Inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve Internal laryngeal branch of vagus nerve Lingual branch of mandibular nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve

Internal laryngeal and glossopharyngeal

About the Patient: 23-year-old African-American woman. Background / Patient History: Patient reports feeling tired, cold, and light-headed. She has recently lost weight due to a "grapefruit diet," in which the only food she eats is ½ grapefruit twice a day. Chief Complaint: "I have a check-up scheduled for today. But I feel kind of dizzy. Can I get in the chair before I faint?" Current Findings: Extraoral examination shows sallow skin and cold hands and feet. Vital signs: BP: 114/74 Height: 5'6" Weight: 106 lbs Later blood tests reveal anemia. Your patient's abnormal blood test result is most likely due to which of the following? G6PD deficiency Iron deficiency Acute blood loss Polycythemia vera Sickle cell disease

Iron Deficiency

Patient: 32-year-old female patient presented to the dentist for a checkup. Chief complaint: Patient stated that "her mouth feels always dry" Background/or patient history: She had no previous medical history and was not taking any medication. Current Findings: The patient's extraoral exam revealed that her neck appeared slightly swollen in the thyroid gland area. Her intraoral exam revealed tongue and mucosal dryness. What questions would the dentist ask the patient in trying to find cause for the dryness? (Check all that apply) Is the patient taking any new medications? Does the patient suck on a lot of sugar free lozenges? Has the patient been more anxious lately? Has there been any change in her medical history?

Is the patient taking any new medications? Has the patient been more anxious lately? Has there been any change in her medical history?

What is true about the p53 gene? (select all correct choices) It can stop replication at the G2/S boundary in response to DNA damage. It can initiate apoptosis to kill the cell if DNA is damaged and not repaired. It is inactivated in many cancers. It is a tumor suppressor gene.

It can initiate apoptosis to kill the cell if DNA is damaged and not repaired. It is inactivated in many cancers. It is a tumor suppressor gene.

Penicillin belongs to a class of antibiotics called beta-lactams, because: It binds to the beta-lactam ring in the bacterial cell wall. It releases a bacterial molecule called beta-lactam. It contains a beta-lactam ring in its structure. It breaks down the beta-lactam ring in the bacterial cell wall.

It contains a beta-lactam ring in its structure.

Current Findings: Imaging confirms the need for root canal treatment of the patient's right 2nd mandibular molar. ___________________________________________________________________ Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the space that you will insert the needle into to perform the block of the nerve to the tooth? It is bounded by the ramus of the mandible laterally. It is called the pterygomandibular space It is bounded by the medial pterygoid muscle medially. It is accessed by piercing the buccinator. It contains the sylomandibular ligament.

It contains the sylomandibular ligament.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding dental caries: It is possible to have a dental cavity but no active dental caries. It is possible to have active dental caries but not a dental cavity. It is possible to have both active dental caries and a dental cavity. It is possible to have neither active dental caries nor a dental cavity. All the statements are TRUE

It is possible to have a dental cavity but no active dental caries. It is possible to have active dental caries but not a dental cavity. It is possible to have both active dental caries and a dental cavity. It is possible to have neither active dental caries nor a dental cavity. All the statements are TRUE

An 80-year-old female presents with a complaint of pain under her complete dentures when biting. To minimize pain when biting, the patient moves her mandible to the right and chews only on that side. Which of the following muscles primarily produces this mandibular movement? Temporalis Right medial pterygoid Masseter Left lateral pterygoid Right lateral pterygoid

Left lateral pterygoid

Patient: Patient is 22, male. Chief Complaint: My lower left molar and bicuspid teeth are numb. Background / Patient History: Has tingling sensation in his lower left jaw. Some of the teeth are numb. Current Findings: Panoramic X-ray reveals a large bony defect of about 1.5 inch wide. It is tentatively diagnosed as an ameloblast. ___________________________________________________________ What is the probable cause of this defect? Epithelial Rests of Mallasez Leftover dental lamina A mutation in the BMP genes A mutation in the FGF genes

Leftover dental lamina

Chief complaint: The tooth you just filled is very sensitive. Background/or patient history: None. Current Findings: You restored tooth # 30. You had placed a deep composite restoration with only Dycal as a liner but no RMGI. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Which nerve innervates the gingiva on the lingual side of the tooth you restored? Mental nerve Lingual Long buccal

Lingual

Patient: 19-year-old male Chief complaint: Broke my front teeth. I was playing basketball and I took an elbow to my face. Background/or patient history: None Current Findings: Fractured both maxillary central incisors. He split his upper lip and cut the tip of his tongue. You are going to restore the incisors with a direct addition of composite resin. ____________________________________________________________ Which of the following arteries would be directly or indirectly involved in this injury? (Select all that apply.) Lingual Inferior alveolar Internal carotid Facial External carotid

Lingual Facial External carotid

Current Findings: Heavy calculus deposits on the lingual side of the lower anterior teeth. As you remove the calculus, the patient experiences some mild discomfort. Which nerve transmits the sensations? Incisive branch of inferior alveolar nerve (CN V3) Main trunk of the Inferior alveolar nerve (CN V3) Long buccal branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) Lingual branch of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) Mental branch of inferior alveolar nerve (CN V3)

Lingual branch of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

Patient: 19-year-old male Chief complaint: Broke my front teeth. I was playing basketball and I took an elbow to my face. Background/or patient history: None Current Findings: Fractured both maxillary central incisors. He split his upper lip and cut the tip of his tongue. You are going to restore the incisors with a direct addition of composite resin. ____________________________________________________________ Which nerves would be involved in this injury and the restoration? (Select all that apply.) Glossopharyngeal nerve Lingual nerve Infraorbital nerve Nasopalatine nerve Anterior superior alveolar nerve

Lingual nerve Infraorbital nerve Nasopalatine nerve Anterior superior alveolar nerve

Background/or patient history: None. Current Findings: You restored tooth # 30. You had placed a deep composite restoration with only Dycal as a liner but no RMGI. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Which nerve innervates the gingiva on the buccal side of the tooth you restored? Mental nerve Long buccal Lingual

Long buccal

Protein and RNA synthesis occur in each of the following phases of the cell cycle EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION? G2 M S G0 G1

Which of the following teeth have proximal contact areas at approximately the same levels cervicoincisally, or cervico-occlusally, on the mesial and the distal? Mandibular central incisors Maxillary central incisor Mandibular canines Maxillary canines

Mandibular central incisors

Patient: Ten-year old male child accompanied by his mother. Chief complaint: A new patient that presents for a pediatric dental examination. Background/or patient history: Family recently moved into neighborhood and the child needs a pediatric dental examination. His mother also states that he suffers from hearing loss since birth. Mother states that child had dental sealants placed years ago but that they all "fell out" soon after they were put in. Current Findings: Clinical examination reveals that he has a small lower jaw, hypoplasia of facial bones and downward slanting palpebral fissures. What is the diagnosis of the case as described? Phocomelia Craniosynostosis Hirschsprung's disease Mandibulofacial dysostosis Spina bifida

Mandibulofacial dysostosis

Mast

About the Patient: Male, 70 years old Chief Complaint: "I have a red rash above my right upper lip and on my right cheek that feels like it's burning and being poked by needles. There are blisters too and the pain is getting worse." Background / Patient History: The patient has been fatigued and had a low fever with headache for a few days before the rash appeared. Current Findings: Rash is restricted to the skin above the right upper lip and right zygomatic region. The blisters are fluid-filled. The patient remembers having had chickenpox when he was a child. _________________________________________________________ The localized occurrence of the rash indicates which nerve is affected? Oculomotor (CN III) Zygomatic branch of the facial (CN VII) Temporal branch of the facial (CN VII) Ophthalmic (CN V1) Maxillary (CN V2)

Maxillary

Which premolar poses the greatest problem when root canal therapy or extraction are being considered? Mandibular first Maxillary first Maxillary second Mandibular second

Maxillary first

Patient: Female, 1-week-old infant accompanied by mother Chief Complaint: Parent: "She is not able to nurse with the opening in her upper lip and the palate area underneath the lip." Background / Patient History: Otherwise healthy newborn Current Findings: Unilateral cleft lip and palate, no other abnormalities are noted. __________________________________________________________ The patient's condition is most likely due to failure in fusion between which of the following structures during embryonic development? Two maxillary prominences Lateral nasal prominence and maxillary prominence Maxillary prominence and mandibular prominence Medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence

Medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence

Patient: Pregnant Female Chief complaint: Routine prenatal medical checkup. Background/or patient history: A cyst is detected protruding from the lower back of the fetus in a routine ultrasound examination during pregnancy. Current Findings: Additional imaging and clinical examinations reveal that the cyst contains parts of the spinal cord and the spinal meninges. To prevent an indirect consequence affecting the brain, an intrauterine surgery was performed to remove the cyst and close the gap in the spine. What is the diagnosis of the case as described? Rachischisis Meningomyelocele Meningocele Spina bifida occulta

Meningomyelocele

If a maxillary first molar has a fourth pulp canal, it is located in which of the following roots? Fourth Mesiofacial Distofacial Palatal

Mesiofacial

Patient: 35 years old. Chief Complaint: A class V restoration in tooth #8 facial has fallen out. There is no pain. Background / Patient History: #8F was restored three months ago with resin-bonded composite resin. The class V lesion was caused erosion and/or abrasion. There was no caries, so no cavity preparation was considered necessary. Current Findings: The patient has a high lip-line, so the cavity is visible when they smile. There is minor gingival recession, and the gingival margin of the cavity is on the root surface. _________________________________________________ The restoration that has fallen out relied primarily on what type of retention? Chemical Micro-mechanical Mechanical Van der Waals

Micro-mechanical

Patient: 29-year-old female Chief Complaint: "I don't want any x-rays during this visit. I might be pregnant." Background / Patient History: Has a mitochondrial disorder. Is trying to conceive a baby via egg donation and in vitro fertilization. Current Findings: No significant findings. __________________________________________________________ What is the most likely reason for using donor eggs? She knows that her disease is caused by two recessive alleles. She does not want to risk having a baby inherit one recessive allele from her and another from the father. Mitochondrial diseases are inherited from the genetic mother, so a baby conceived with your patient's own egg would almost certainly share her disease. Her disease causes infertility due to non-disjunction during meiosis. An embryo conceived with her egg would be at very high risk for an aneuploidy.

Mitochondrial diseases are inherited from the genetic mother, so a baby conceived with your patient's own egg would almost certainly share her disease.

Patient: Male, 9 years old (accompanied by guardian) Chief complaint: Guardian asks: "Why is his new tooth more yellow? Can you take a look?" Background/or patient history: There are no significant findings on the med hx, and this is his first time at this dental office. Current Findings: The patient's dentition is typical of the stated age. __________________________________________________________ What would be the typical dentition for this patient? Primary dentition Mixed dentition - primary canines and molars, with permanent centrals, laterals, and first molars Mixed dentition - primary canines and first molars, with permanent centrals, laterals, first molars and first premolars Permanent dentition

Mixed dentition - primary canines and molars, with permanent centrals, laterals, and first molars

Patient: Ten-year old male child accompanied by his mother. Chief complaint: A new patient that presents for a pediatric dental examination. Background/or patient history: Family recently moved into neighborhood and the child needs a pediatric dental examination. His mother also states that he suffers from hearing loss since birth. Mother states that child had dental sealants placed years ago but that they all "fell out" soon after they were put in. Current Findings: Clinical examination reveals that he has a small lower jaw, hypoplasia of facial bones and downward slanting palpebral fissures. What is the most common cause of subsequent failure and rapid loss of a sealant from the tooth? Air contamination of the bottle of sealant Moisture contamination during placement of the sealant Etching tooth for too long Poor tooth selection

Moisture contamination during placement of the sealant

atient: An 18 year old patient Chief Complaint: "My teeth don't look nice." Background/Patient History: Patient had a gap in the upper teeth since age 8-9. Current Findings: There is a gap among the upper front teeth. What is the cause for the appearance of the upper front teeth? Mutation in the BMP genes Mutation in the FGF genes Leftover of dental lamina Leftover of the Epithelial Rests of Mallasez

Mutation in the BMP genes

Chief complaint: The patient says, "My lower back teeth hurt a lot! On the left side. Also, I think I look swollen under my chin, and my tongue feels thick." Background/or patient history: None. Current Findings: The patient has a temperature of 101.8 F. She has redness and swelling in the suprahyoid region of the neck, and her tongue is swollen. An x-ray reveals a periapical abscess of the left 3rd mandibular molar. You diagnose Ludwig's angina. What marks the boundary between the sublingual and submandibular spaces? Mylohyoid muscle Geniohyoid muscle Mylohyoid line Mylohyoid groove Genioglossus muscle

Mylohyoid Muscle Mylohyoid line

Patient: Female, 25-years-old Chief complaint: She describes a cotton-like feeling in her mouth and lack of taste. She has tried brushing her tongue but this just caused slight bleeding. Background/or patient history: HR is a 25 year-old female with HIV that is well controlled on combination antiretroviral therapy. She recently was prescribed antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. HR also has liver disease. Current Findings: She presents with creamy white lesions on her tongue. What will be a preferred medication to use to treat HR? Fluconazole Clotrimazole Clindamycin Triamcinolone Nystatin

Nystatin

Patient: Female, 25-years-old Chief complaint: She describes a cotton-like feeling in her mouth and lack of taste. She has tried brushing her tongue but this just caused slight bleeding. Background/or patient history: HR is a 25 year-old female with HIV that is well controlled on combination antiretroviral therapy. She recently was prescribed antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. HR also has liver disease. Current Findings: She presents with creamy white lesions on her tongue. What does HR have? Oral candidiasis Oral mucositis Lichen planus

Oral candidiasis

What happens when a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is activated? (Select all that apply.) Sodium ions exit the cell Potassium ions exit the cell Sodium ions enter the cell Potassium ions enter the cell

Potassium ions exit the cell Sodium ions enter the cell

Patient: Female, 5 years old (accompanied by mother) Chief complaint: Mother says: "We are here for a dental check-up" Background/or patient history: The patient was referred by her Head Start after a screening was performed earlier in the month by a dental team from NYU. Mom stated that the child was very scared at this last appointment and cried. Current Findings: The child came into the operatory but refused to sit in the dental chair, would not open her mouth, and cried profusely. ___________________________________________________________ Many factors may be contributing to poor patient cooperation during this visit. They can include all except: Previous unpleasant experience Parenting styles Fear transmitted from parent Previous negative experience having their wisdom teeth removed

Previous negative experience having their wisdom teeth removed

Which of the following bacteria is not part of red-complex bacteria in periodontal disease, but is strongly associated with pregnancy-associated gingivitis? Treponema denticola Prevotella intermedia Streptococcus mutans Tannerella forsythia Porphyromonas gingivalis

Prevotella intermedia

Current Findings: Her voice is noticeably hoarse, and sounds different as compared to her previous visits. If a histological section was taken from her larynx, it would look like the attached image.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

What would be the correct course of treatment for a patient with this finding? (There may be more than one correct answer.) Do nothing, observe Remove surgically Refer to an oral surgeon with recommendation to remove it. Refer to an oral surgeon

Remove surgically

Patient: Male, 32-year-old Chief complaint: "I am having trouble breathing" Background/or patient history: History of mitral valve replacement 12 months ago Current Findings: Patient reported for an extraction of a central maxillary incisor. He was given an antibiotic prophylactically. Five minutes later the patient showed signs of excess mucus production, tongue/lip swelling, a drop in blood pressure and difficulty breathing. The surgery this patient had 12 months ago involved: Replacement of the valve between the right atrium and the pulmonary trunk of the heart Replacement of the valve between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta Replacement of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart Replacement of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart

Replacement of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart

For your summer research project, you want to see if the dental sealants placed by the final year residents retain longer compared to those placed by the senior dental students. You have limited time and money. Assuming you have complete dental records, what design would be your best choice? cross-sectional study case-control study prospective follow-up (cohort) study retrospective follow-up (cohort) study

Retro

Chief Complaint: "I was just diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer" Background/Patient History: Presents for recall, surgery is scheduled in 3 weeks Current Findings: Squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue Which would be the first lymph nodes the patient's cancer might have spread to? Jugulodigastric Retropharyngeal Submental Submandibular

Retropharyngeal

Patient: Female, 13 years old Chief Complaint: "I have fever and joint pain. I also have chest pain, shortness of breath, and feel fatigued." Background / Patient History: Patient had visited her poor sick neighbors who had scarlet fever. She had a bad sore throat afterward and was diagnosed with an upper respiratory bacterial infection. She was prescribed antibiotics but did not take them. Current Findings: The patient has a fever. Further inspection confirmed that the patient experienced polyarthritis and carditis. _________________________________________________ Which of the following is the most accurate diagnosis? Pneumonia Rheumatic fever Typhoid fever Mumps

Rheumatic fever

Background/or patient history: She had no previous medical history and was not taking any medication. Current Findings: The patient's extraoral exam revealed that her neck appeared slightly swollen in the thyroid gland area. Her intraoral exam revealed tongue and mucosal dryness. What should be the dentist's reaction to the apparent swelling in the thyroid gland area? (Check all that apply) Say nothing. The patient may have gained some weight and will be embarrassed. Take the patient's vital signs and compare with her previous vitals. Inform the patient that her thyroid gland may be swollen and that she should see her physician. Prescribe an antibiotic and have her come back next visit for observation. Ask the patient when she last had a medical checkup.

Say nothing. The patient may have gained some weight and will be embarrassed. Take the patient's vital signs and compare with her previous vitals. Inform the patient that her thyroid gland may be swollen and that she should see her physician. Prescribe an antibiotic and have her come back next visit for observation. Ask the patient when she last had a medical checkup.

Chief complaint: Routine prenatal medical checkup. Background/or patient history: A cyst is detected protruding from the lower back of the fetus in a routine ultrasound examination during pregnancy. Current Findings: Additional imaging and clinical examinations reveal that the cyst contains parts of the spinal cord and the spinal meninges. To prevent an indirect consequence affecting the brain, an intrauterine surgery was performed to remove the cyst and close the gap in the spine. Which of the following structures are likely involved in this condition and the surgical intervention? (select all correct answer choices.) Serratus anterior muscle Intrinsic back muscles Pia mater Sternocostal joints Lumbar vertebrae

Serratus anterior muscle Intrinsic back muscles Pia mater Sternocostal joints Lumbar vertebrae

Patient: 29-year-old female Chief Complaint: "I don't want any x-rays during this visit. I might be pregnant." Background / Patient History: Has a mitochondrial disorder. Is trying to conceive a baby via egg donation and in vitro fertilization. Current Findings: No significant findings. __________________________________________________________ Why did the patient refuse radiographs? Her genetic disease causes imaging studies to be unreliable. She is worried that the radiation will interact with the medications she is taking for IVF. She wants to minimize her exposure to possible teratogens. She thinks they would be painful.

She wants to minimize her exposure to possible teratogens.

About the Patient: Male, 70 years old Chief Complaint: "I have a red rash above my right upper lip and on my right cheek that feels like it's burning and being poked by needles. There are blisters too and the pain is getting worse." Background / Patient History: The patient has been fatigued and had a low fever with headache for a few days before the rash appeared. Current Findings: Rash is restricted to the skin above the right upper lip and right zygomatic region. The blisters are fluid-filled. The patient remembers having had chickenpox when he was a child. __________________________________________________________ Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Shingles (VZV) Measles (Rubeola) Celllulitis Contact dermatitis

Shingles

Chief complaint: The patient's mother has brought the infant in for his routine one-week checkup. Background/or patient history: None Current Findings: Muscle weakness is observed in the infant's limbs. A study of a biopsy sample of his skeletal muscle reveals that the defect is due to a miscoding error in his mitochondrial DNA. The biopsy also reveals the infant has an XXY karyotype. The observed muscle weakness involves which of the following? Skeletal muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system. Smooth muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system. Smooth muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

Skeletal muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system.

A 7-year-old male was brought to the emergency room. He suffered a fall in which he struck his anterior maxilla and has lacerations on his lips. If there is a fracture of the maxillary bone adjacent to the traumatized central incisors, then nociception terminates centrally within which of the following? Main (chief) sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Spinal trigeminal nucleus Trigeminal ganglion Spinal trigeminal tract Nucleus ambiguus

Spinal trigeminal nucleus

Which of the following BEST describes the major function of histones? Stabilize DNA in a compact form Remove exons during RNA splicing Activate genes Unwind DNA. Stabilize RNA during transcription

Stabilize DNA in a compact form

Which of the following bacteria are gram-positive cocci and commonly cause skin infection and abscess formation? Escherichia coli Staphylococcus saprophyticus Bacillus anthracis Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus viridans

Staphylococcus aureus

What is a function of the abnormal organelle? Organization of the cytoskeleton. Storage of pro-apoptotic molecules Lipid synthesis. None of the choices are correct Sorting and transport of proteins for export out of the cell.

Storage of pro-apoptotic molecules

Patient: Female, 13 years old Chief Complaint: "I have fever and joint pain. I also have chest pain, shortness of breath, and feel fatigued." Background / Patient History: Patient had visited her poor sick neighbors who had scarlet fever. She had a bad sore throat afterward and was diagnosed with an upper respiratory bacterial infection. She was prescribed antibiotics but did not take them. Current Findings: The patient has a fever. Further inspection confirmed that the patient experienced polyarthritis and carditis. _________________________________________________ Which of the following bacteria is the most likely cause of the infection? Streptococcus pyogenes Borrelia burgdorferi Streptococcus pneumoniae Helicobacter pylori

Streptococcus pyogenes

Patient: 62-year-old female Chief complaint: The patient says, "My lower back teeth hurt a lot! On the left side. Also, I think I look swollen under my chin, and my tongue feels thick." Background/or patient history: None. Current Findings: The patient has a temperature of 101.8 F. She has redness and swelling in the suprahyoid region of the neck, and her tongue is swollen. An x-ray reveals a periapical abscess of the left 3rd mandibular molar. You diagnose Ludwig's angina. Into which space/s has the infection apparently traveled in this patient? Select all correct answers. Inferior nasal meatus Retropharyngeal space Submandibular space Maxillary sinus Sublingual space

Submandibular space Sublingual space

Chief complaint: "I have pain in my lower jaw back teeth on the right side. Maybe I have a cavity?" Background/or patient history: The patient is otherwise in good health. Current Findings: Imaging confirms the need for root canal treatment of the patient's right 2nd mandibular molar. In order to perform the root canal, you will have to do a nerve block. Which nerve/s will you need to anesthetize in order to block pain in the tooth and gingiva? Superior posterior alveolar nerve Lingual nerve Inferior alveolar nerve Nasopalatine Long buccal nerve

Superior posterior alveolar nerve Lingual nerve Inferior alveolar nerve Nasopalatine Long buccal nerve

Temporal

What is the likely cause of the tooth discoloration? Methamphetamines (Meth mouth) Tetracycline stain Dentinogenesis imperfecta Amelogenesis imperfecta

Tetracycline stain

Background/or patient history: A cyst is detected protruding from the lower back of the fetus in a routine ultrasound examination during pregnancy. Current Findings: Additional imaging and clinical examinations reveal that the cyst contains parts of the spinal cord and the spinal meninges. To prevent an indirect consequence affecting the brain, an intrauterine surgery was performed to remove the cyst and close the gap in the spine. If the surgery were not performed, the infant could have an increased level of cerebral spinal fluid in which of the following structures? (select all correct answers.) The lateral ventricles The fourth ventricle In the subarachoid space

The lateral ventricles The fourth ventricle In the subarachoid space

Patient: 35 years old. Chief Complaint: A class V restoration in tooth #8 facial has fallen out. There is no pain. Background / Patient History: #8F was restored three months ago with resin-bonded composite resin. The class V lesion was caused erosion and/or abrasion. There was no caries, so no cavity preparation was considered necessary. Current Findings: The patient has a high lip-line, so the cavity is visible when they smile. There is minor gingival recession, and the gingival margin of the cavity is on the root surface. _________________________________________________ When choosing a color shade for your restoration, you understand that the composite's Value is most important. Value describes: The intensity of the color (saturation) The lightness or darkness of the color The color (red, yellow, brown, gray)

The lightness or darkness of the color

Current Findings: Fractured both maxillary central incisors. He split his upper lip and cut the tip of his tongue. You are going to restore the incisors with a direct addition of composite resin. ___________________________________________________________ When viewed from the facial, what are the type traits for the teeth you are restoring? Question 1 options: The mesioincisal angle nearly forms a right angle Have a labial ridge Taper towards the facial ridge Both are rhomboidal in shape

The mesioincisal angle nearly forms a right angle

Current Findings: Imaging confirms the need for root canal treatment of the patient's right 2nd mandibular molar. ___________________________________________________________________ If you insert your needle too deep and pass posterior to your target area, you risk passing into which gland, and anesthetizing which nerve? The parotid gland: the facial nerve (CN VII) The parotid gland: the maxillary nerve (CN V2) The submandibular gland: the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) The submandibular gland: the facial nerve (CN VII)

The parotid gland: the facial nerve (CN VII)

Chief complaint: The patient's mother has brought the infant in for his routine one-week checkup. Background/or patient history: None Current Findings: Muscle weakness is observed in the infant's limbs. A study of a biopsy sample of his skeletal muscle reveals that the defect is due to a miscoding error in his mitochondrial DNA. The biopsy also reveals the infant has an XXY karyotype. Which of the following was also discovered? (Check all that apply.) The patient is genetically female The patient has an extra chromosome The patient is genetically male

The patient is genetically female The patient has an extra chromosome The patient is genetically male

Patient: Male, 78 years old Chief complaint: Severe toothache and pain under the left eye. Background/or patient history: JS has calcified aortic stenosis. He previously had infective endocarditis, when he was 70 years old, for which he received 4 weeks of antimicrobial therapy. JS is allergic to penicillin. Current Findings: Badly decayed left 2nd maxillary molar, and a tooth extraction is required. Which nerve/s account/s for the dental pain JS is experiencing? (select all that apply) The trigeminal nerve (CN V). The posterior superior alveolar nerve. The buccal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII). The middle superior alveolar nerve. The maxillary nerve (CN V2). View question 3 feedback

The trigeminal nerve (CN V). The posterior superior alveolar nerve. The maxillary nerve (CN V2).

What will you tell the patient about the disease? The virus will be cleared soon after he takes the medications. The virus will become latent. In some cases, weakened immunity can lead to the virus reactivation and cause the disease symptoms. The disease will become chronic. It takes years to clear the virus after he takes the medications.

The virus will become latent. In some cases, weakened immunity can lead to the virus reactivation and cause the disease symptoms.

When compared to the maxillary central incisor, the maxillary canine normally exhibits which of the following? Wider crown mesiodistally Longer crown incisogingivally Shorter root Thicker crown labiolingually Shorter crown and shorter root length

Thicker crown labiolingually

Amoxicillin is often combined with clavulanic acid. The role of clavulanic acid is: To break down the beta-lactam ring in bacteria. To inhibit bacterial beta-lactam. To inhibit bacterial penicillin-binding protein. To inhibit bacterial beta-lactamase.

To inhibit bacterial beta-lactamase.

Patient: 35 years old. Chief Complaint: A class V restoration in tooth #8 facial has fallen out. There is no pain. Background / Patient History: #8F was restored three months ago with resin-bonded composite resin. The class V lesion was caused erosion and/or abrasion. There was no caries, so no cavity preparation was considered necessary. Current Findings: The patient has a high lip-line, so the cavity is visible when they smile. There is minor gingival recession, and the gingival margin of the cavity is on the root surface. _________________________________________________ After applying a bonding agent to the prepared dentin and enamel, the liquid bond is usually lightly air-dried prior to light curing. Why? Choose any that apply. To ensure a thin layer of bond. To remove bond from the cavity margins. To evaporate solvent. To remove residual moisture.

To remove bond from the cavity margins.

Patient: Male, 32-year-old Chief complaint: "I am having trouble breathing" Background/or patient history: History of mitral valve replacement 12 months ago Current Findings: Patient reported for an extraction of a central maxillary incisor. He was given an antibiotic prophylactically. Five minutes later the patient showed signs of excess mucus production, tongue/lip swelling, a drop in blood pressure and difficulty breathing. Which of the following represents the correct order of circulation through the cardiac valves? Tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve Pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, mitral valve Mitral valve, pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve Aortic valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve Tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve, aortic valve

Tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve

Patient: 32-year-old female Chief complaint: Has not been to dentist, she thinks, in 2 years. Having some cold sensitivity that lasts for about ½ minute. Background/or patient history: On review of medical history, patient admits to smoking 3-4 tobacco cigarettes a day. She started during college and had attempted quitting once or twice on her own. She is considering switching to e-cigarettes. Current Findings: On x-ray and visual examination you find a large Class I lesion in tooth #18. After anesthesia and the preparation of the tooth under rubber dam you find a very small pulpal exposure. Where are the cell bodies of the nerve you anesthetize to treat the patient? Trigeminal ganglion Pterygopalatine ganglion Dorsal root ganglion Geniculate ganglion

Trigeminal

Type 1 hypersensitivity

Patient: Female, 5 years old (accompanied by mother) Chief complaint: Mother says: "We are here for a dental check-up" Background/or patient history: The patient was referred by her Head Start after a screening was performed earlier in the month by a dental team from NYU. Mom stated that the child was very scared at this last appointment and cried. Current Findings: The child came into the operatory but refused to sit in the dental chair, would not open her mouth, and cried profusely. ____________________________________________________________ What is a preferred alternative method to examine this patient? Have the dental assistant hold the patient. Have the patient sit in the mom's lap in the dental chair to complete the examination. Reschedule the appointment. Force them to sit in the dental chair. Use the knee to knee position to complete the examination.

Use knee to knee

Patient: Your patient is an otherwise healthy 18-year-old-female. Chief Complaint: The patient presents c/o pain on chewing on the lower right jaw. The patient has been in pain for more than two weeks. Background / Patient History: The patient is 5'2" and weighs 125 pounds. Her blood pressure is 118/77 with a pulse of 60. Current Findings: You examine her and see that the mucosa around her wisdom tooth is swollen. You also take a panoramic radiograph which shows that the tooth is partially erupted. Together with the faculty, you decide that she needs to have her lower right third molar tooth (#32) removed in the Oral Surgery Clinic. She is going to have the tooth taken out with local anesthesia. __________________________________________________________ You decide to use an anesthetic with epinephrine because it: Reduces incidence of allergy for some patients Vasoconstricts blood vessels improving visibility Vasodilates blood vessels to flush the system Reduces cardiac contractility for hypertension

Vasoconstricts blood vessels improving visibility

hief Complaint: "I was just diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer" Background/Patient History: Presents for recall, surgery is scheduled in 3 weeks Current Findings: Squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue Which of the following is the most likely associated etiology? Viral infection Bacterial infection Congenital anomaly Vitamin deficiency

Viral

About the Patient: 17-year-old sailor on a sea voyag in the year 1695. Chief Complaint: Bleeding gum Background / Patient History: Sailor has been at sea for months eating dry foods stored on the ship. Current Findings: Severe gum inflammation that bleeds upon probing ______________________________________________ What would you bring from the year 2021 that could help the sailor? Vitamin E Vitamin B1 Vitamin B6 Vitamin D Vitamin C Vitamin B12 Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Which of the following aneuploidies are completely incompatible with life? Trisomy 21 YO XXY XO Trisomy 18

Chief complaint: Severe toothache and pain under the left eye. Background/or patient history: JS has calcified aortic stenosis. He previously had infective endocarditis, when he was 70 years old, for which he received 4 weeks of antimicrobial therapy. JS is allergic to penicillin. Current Findings: Badly decayed left 2nd maxillary molar, and a tooth extraction is required. Does the patient need antimicrobial prophylaxis prior to a tooth extraction? No, because there is no antimicrobial prophylaxis requirements for patients who have calcified aortic stenosis. Yes, because he has had infective endocarditis before. No, because there is no antimicrobial prophylaxis requirements for patients who are older than 70 years old. Yes, because he has calcified aortic stenosis.

Yes, because he has had infective endocarditis before.

Patient: An elderly female patient, age 78 Chief Complaint: Dry eyes and dry mouth, joint pain Background / Patient History: Has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis 20 years prior. Now she has consistent dry eyes and mouth. Current Findings: Her minor salivary gland biopsy shows extensive lymphocytic infiltration, but intact ductal cells and myoepithelial islands. Absence of the circumvallate papillae Absence of filiform papillae Absence of fungiform papillae Absence of foliate papillae Absence of von Ebner's glands

absence of filliform papillae

what are predominant linkages in glycogen between glucose units? Alpha-1,4 Alpha-1,6 Beta-1,3 Beta-1,4 Beta-1,6

alpha 1-4

Oral streptococci are usually alpha-hemolytic. beta-hemolytic. gamma-hemolytic. non-hemolytic.

alpha-hemolytic.

Infection from the mandibular molars can spread to which of the following spaces? (Select all correct answers) maxillary sinus buccal (facial space) sublingual space submandibular space vestibule

buccal (facial space) sublingual space submandibular space vestibule

This graph illustrates the dose-response relationship for the effect of the beta agonist isoproterenol on an isolated perfused heart, both alone and in the presence of different fixed concentrations of Drug X. Based on the graph, drug X is: A competitive antagonist An inverse agonist A non-competitive antagonist A partial agonist

competitive antagonist

Vitamin C deficiency primarily affects which of the following tissues? Hematopoietic Muscular Connective Epithelial

connective

The progression from a healthy gingival sulcus to gingivitis is associated with a shift towards gram-negative anaerobic cocci. gram-positive filamentous rods. gram-negative anaerobic rods. gram-positive cocci. gram-positive facultative cocci

gram-negative anaerobic rods.

Chief Complaint: He is feeling unwell with the following symptoms for more than one week: anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Background / Patient History: Previously healthy. There was no family history of chronic diseases. He is sexually active with multiple partners, usually with unprotected sex. He has been using IV drugs and sharing needles with other people. Current Findings: Examination of the patient shows jaundice. An initial blood test detected high Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in blood. Which of the following agents is the most likely cause of the infection? HCV (Hepatitis C virus) HBV (Hepatitis B virus) HAV (Hepatitis A virus) HBV or HCV

hbv or hcv

About the Patient: 23-year-old African-American woman. Background / Patient History: Patient reports feeling tired, cold, and light-headed. She has recently lost weight due to a "grapefruit diet," in which the only food she eats is ½ grapefruit twice a day. Chief Complaint: "I have a check-up scheduled for today. But I feel kind of dizzy. Can I get in the chair before I faint?" Current Findings: Extraoral examination shows sallow skin and cold hands and feet. Vital signs: BP: 114/74 Height: 5'6" Weight: 106 lbs Later blood tests reveal anemia. You would expect a blood smear from your patient to show which of the following? Ringed sideroblasts Nucleated red blood cells Heinz bodies Sickle cells Hypochromic microcytes

hypochromic microcytes

1= thyroid gland2 = sublingual gland3 = parotid gland4 = submandibular gland

identify

Which nerve innervates the teeth directly on either side of the observed formation? Nerve to the mylohyoid The lingual nerve The incisive nerve The mental nerve The long buccal nerve

incisive

Which of the following statements BEST describes the strength of cardiac muscle contraction? It is decreased when extracellular Ca++ is increased. mainly regulated by vagal impulses. mainly regulated by heart rate. unaffected by extracellular Ca++. increased when extracellular Ca++ is increased.

increased when extracellular Ca++ is increased.

Patient: Your patient is an otherwise healthy 18-year-old-female. Chief Complaint: The patient presents c/o pain on chewing on the lower right jaw. The patient has been in pain for more than two weeks. Background / Patient History: The patient is 5'2" and weighs 125 pounds. Her blood pressure is 118/77 with a pulse of 60. Current Findings: You examine her and see that the mucosa around her wisdom tooth is swollen. You also take a panoramic radiograph which shows that the tooth is partially erupted. Together with the faculty, you decide that she needs to have her lower right third molar tooth (#32) removed in the Oral Surgery Clinic. She is going to have the tooth taken out with local anesthesia. _________________________________________________________ Which of the following nerves will you anesthetize in order to extract her mandibular third molar? Maxillary nerve Inerior alveolar nerve Facial nerve Occipital nerve

inferior alveolar nerve

Current Findings: Examinations showed enlarged tonsils and swollen tender lymph nodes (Lymphadenopathy). Lab results showed negative for gonococcal and beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. An enlarged spleen (Splenomegaly) is detected during a physical exam. Viral serology showed positive for Epstein-Barr virus. ___________________________________________________ What is the major transmission route of the patient's infection? Oral-fecal route Zoonotic Kissing (saliva)

kissing

What is the cause for the formation of the structure in the image? Mutation in the FGF genes Leftover of epithelial pearls Leftover of the Epithelial Rests of Mallasez Mutation in the BMP genes

leftover of epithelial pearls

Cell bodies of neurons mediating proprioception from the periodontal ligament of the maxillary first molar are located in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. main (chief) sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. trigeminal ganglion. motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. spinal trigeminal nucleus.

mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.

Patient: 1-week-old male infant Chief complaint: The patient's mother has brought the infant in for his routine one-week checkup. Background/or patient history: None Current Findings: Muscle weakness is observed in the infant's limbs. A study of a biopsy sample of his skeletal muscle reveals that the defect is due to a miscoding error in his mitochondrial DNA. The biopsy also reveals the infant has an XXY karyotype. If the defect leading to the muscle weakness is not a spontaneous mutation, the patient most likely inherited it from his: Question 1 options: Mother Father Mother or Father

mother

Patient: 19-year-old college student Chief Complaint: "I've had a throbbing pain behind my left ear for several days and now pus is coming out of my ear. I think I can't hear well out of that ear." Background / Patient History: Patient was diagnosed with an upper respiratory infection at her college's health services center. She was prescribed antibiotics but stopped taking them early. Current Findings: Visible inspection of the ear confirmed creamy pus draining from the external auditory canal and swelling with redness of the skin directly behind the external ear. The patient has a fever. Which of the following is the most likely path of the infection? pharyngotympanic tube -- nasopharynx -- middle ear -- mastoid antrum -- mastoid air cells pharyngotympanic tube -- middle ear -- nasopharynx -- mastoid antrum -- mastoid air cells middle ear --pharyngotympanic tube -- nasopharynx -- mastoid antrum -- mastoid air cells nasopharynx -- pharyngotympanic tube -- middle ear -- mastoid antrum -- mastoid air cells

nasopharynx -- pharyngotympanic tube -- middle ear -- mastoid antrum -- mastoid air cells

What is the pathology called? Odontoma Dens invaginatus Ameloblastoma Osteoma

odontoma

About the Patient: 23-year-old African-American woman. Background / Patient History: Patient reports feeling tired, cold, and light-headed. She has recently lost weight due to a "grapefruit diet," in which the only food she eats is ½ grapefruit twice a day. Chief Complaint: "I have a check-up scheduled for today. But I feel kind of dizzy. Can I get in the chair before I faint?" Current Findings: Extraoral examination shows sallow skin and cold hands and feet. Vital signs: BP: 114/74 Height: 5'6" Weight: 106 lbs Later blood tests reveal anemia. This patient is at risk of which of the following bone diseases due to a lack of minerals in her diet? Osteogenesis imperfecta type I Osteomalacia Rickets Scurvy

osteomalacia

Which of the following is caused by vitamin D deficiency in adults? Acromegaly Osteomalacia Osteitis fibrosa cystica Rickets Myxedema

osteomalacia

If the point of a needle enters the parotid gland during an inferior alveolar injection and solution is deposited in the gland, the MOST likely result is... paresthesia of the lingual nerve. a hematoma of the pterygoid venous plexus. paralysis of the buccinator muscle. paralysis of the temporalis muscle.

paralysis of the buccinator muscle.

Viral serology was ordered. The diagnosis is HBV infection. Which of the following will NOT prevent or treat HBV infection? Penicillin Hepatitis B vaccine IFNα Tenofovir, a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NTRI)

peniccillin

pic of mitochondira

Patient: Female, 5 years old (accompanied by mother) Chief complaint: Mother says: "We are here for a dental check-up" Background/or patient history: The patient was referred by her Head Start after a screening was performed earlier in the month by a dental team from NYU. Mom stated that the child was very scared at this last appointment and cried. Current Findings: The child came into the operatory but refused to sit in the dental chair, would not open her mouth, and cried profusely. ____________________________________________________________ All of the following are non-pharmacological behavior management techniques that can be used with the patient except: Positive punishment Tell Show Do Distraction Positive reinforcement

positive punishment

An action potential initiated at the midpoint along the length of an axon will propagate towards the soma. propagate towards the nerve ending. propagate towards both the soma and the nerve ending. not propagate.

propagate towards both the soma and the nerve ending.

Facilitated diffusion DIFFERS from active transport in that net transport by facilitated diffusion has a transport maximum. uses ATP as an energy source. is the only method by which oxygen can cross the cell membrane. occurs as an endergonic (positive AG) process. requires a concentration gradient.

requires a concentration gradient.

Patient: An elderly female patient, age 78 Chief Complaint: Dry eyes and dry mouth, joint pain Background / Patient History: Has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis 20 years prior. Now she has consistent dry eyes and mouth. Current Findings: Her minor salivary gland biopsy shows extensive lymphocytic infiltration, but intact ductal cells and myoepithelial islands. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Primary Sjogren's syndrome Secondary Sjogren's syndrome Type 2 Diabetes Rheumatoid arthritis

secondary sjogren's syndrome

The cell membrane is LEAST permeable to which of the following substances? CO2 Sodium Ethanol O2 H2O

sodium

Which of the following BEST describes the primary ionic movement during the depolarization phase of a nerve action potential? Potassium ions moving into the fiber from interstitial fluid Sodium ions moving from inside the membrane to outside the membrane Large organic-negative ions moving from inside the fiber to outside the fiber Sodium ions moving from outside the membrane to inside the membrane Potassium ions moving from inside to outside the membrane

sodium ions moving from outside the membrane to inside

Patient: Your patient is an otherwise healthy 18-year-old-female. Chief Complaint: The patient presents c/o pain on chewing on the lower right jaw. The patient has been in pain for more than two weeks. Background / Patient History: The patient is 5'2" and weighs 125 pounds. Her blood pressure is 118/77 with a pulse of 60. Current Findings: You examine her and see that the mucosa around her wisdom tooth is swollen. You also take a panoramic radiograph which shows that the tooth is partially erupted. Together with the faculty, you decide that she needs to have her lower right third molar tooth (#32) removed in the Oral Surgery Clinic. She is going to have the tooth taken out with local anesthesia. __________________________________________________________ She asks you "What is a local anesthetic?" You tell her that It is a ... Substance that reversibly depresses conduction Substance that irreversibly depresses conduction Substance that irreversibly inhibits action potentials Substance that reversibly works on GABA in the brain

substance that reversible depresses conduction

About the Patient: Male, 70 years old Chief Complaint: "I have a red rash above my right upper lip and on my right cheek that feels like it's burning and being poked by needles. There are blisters too and the pain is getting worse." Background / Patient History: The patient has been fatigued and had a low fever with headache for a few days before the rash appeared. Current Findings: Rash is restricted to the skin above the right upper lip and right zygomatic region. The blisters are fluid-filled. The patient remembers having had chickenpox when he was a child. __________________________________________________________ The cell bodies of the 1st order neurons associated with pain this patient is experiencing are located in which of the following? The pterygopalatine ganglion The geniculate ganglion The superior salivatory nucleus The trigeminal ganglion Dorsal root ganglia

trigeminal

trigeminal nerve (CN V) Facial nerve (CN VII) Lingual nerve Chorda tympani Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

The nasopalatine nerve innervates the area affected by the infant's condition. True False

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