Microbiology Chapter 5 (Review)
General phases of the animal viral replication cycle (5) What are these?
1. Adsorption 2. Penetration and Uncoating 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release
International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses: - blank orders and 38 blank - Nearly 100 families not blank to an order - Clinicians use blank names
8;families;assigned
What is a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell?
Virion
What is induction?
Virus in a Lysogenic state becomes activated and progresses directly into viral replication and lyticrelease
Blank viruses consist only of a nucleocapsid
Viruses
The blank of the host is penetrated by the whole virus or its nucleic acid.
cell membrane
What is when a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage?
• Lysogenic conversion
Blank: - Every bacterial species is parasitized by various specific bacteriophages. - Often make the bacteria they infect more pathogenic
Bacteriophage
Spongiform encephalopathies: - BlNk tissue of affected animals resembles a blank - Long/short period of latency before first clinical signs appear - Diseases are progressive and universally blank - blank disease - Bovine spongiform blank
Brain;sponge;long;fatal;Creutzfeldt-Jakob;encephalopathy
How long can the virus remain in host?
For a few weeks or remainder of hosts life
Viral DNA inserted into bacterial chromosome is said to be a "blank" - Copied during normal bacterial cell blank
"prophage";division
Types of CPEs include: (3 things)
- Changes in shape and size - Inclusion bodies - Syncytia
Transformed cells have: what four characteristics?
- Increased rate of growth - Alterations in chromosomes - Changes in cell surface molecules - Capacity to divide indefinitely
What is a protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid?
Capsid
What is uncoating?
Capsid is removed, viral nucleus acids released into cytoplasm
Name three oncoviruses.
-Papillomaviruses - Herpes virus - Hepatitis B virus
What is an example of icosanedral naked? Enveloped?
Adenovirus;herpes
A virus can invade its host cell only through making an exact fit with a specific host molecule. What is this term?
Adsorption
Cells that lack compatible virus receptors are resistant to blank and blank by that virus.
Adsorption;invasion
For many years, blank viruses were classified on the basis of their hosts and the diseases they caused.
Animal
Blank is virus-induced damaged to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance?
CPEs
Virus may carry genes that cause blank or insert into host chromosomes at a point that activates existing oncogenes
Cancer
Capsid is composed of protein subunits called blank
Capsomeres
Hydrogen peroxide is converted into water and oxygen by blnk
Catalase
Blank state periodically become activated
Chronic latent
What type of toxin? Corynebacterium diphtheriae - - Vibrio cholerae - - Clostridium botulinum-
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - diphtheria toxin - Vibrio cholerae - cholera toxin - Clostridium botulinum - botulinum toxin
What disease is associated with prions?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
RNA viruses are usually replicated and assembled in the blank
Cytoplasm
Viruses contain the following genetic information: a. DNA only b. RNA only c. Both DNA and RNA d. Answer a or answer b, but not both e. Protein
D
Newer classification systems emphasize the following: - Hosts and blank they cause - Blank - Blank composition - Similarities in blank makeup
Dieseases;structure: chemical;genetic
What term is viral envelope merges with the cell membrane?
Direct fusion
What term is when the entire virus is engulfed?
Endocytosis
T/F: Viral spikes are typically found on only enveloped viruses and are used for attachment to host cells.
False
liver cells of humans related to what? Attacked by what virus?
Hepatitis B
Blank is the limited range of cells that a virus can infect
Host range
The structure contains only those parts needed to invade and control a blank cell: • External blank • Core containing blank or blank • Sometimes one or two blank
Host; coating; DNA or RNA; enzymes
What term is compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles in the nucleus and cytoplasm; a type of intracellular change?
Inclusion bodies
Accumulated damage from a virus infection blank most cells
Kills
Blank: The Silent Virus Infection
Lysogeny
*what is rupture of the cell?
Lytic release
What is the difference from the lytic and lysogenic cycles?
Lytic: destroys cell(ruptures) Lysogenic: virus is incorporated into DNA of cell and carried from generations
What is an example of helical enveloped? Naked?
Measles, rabbies; tabacco mosaic virus
DNA viruses are usually replicated and assembled in the blank
Nucleus
What are the atmospheric gases that have the most influence of microbial growth?
O2 and CO2
blank: mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors
Oncoviruses
Cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed is termed what?
Persistent infections
Occasionally blank genes in the bacterial chromosome cause the production of toxins or enzymes that cause blank in the human.
Phage;phathology
Intestinal and nerve cells of primates are attacked by what virus?
Poliovirus
Blank • Protein only • Exact mode of infection still unknown
Prions
What are protein agents of spongiform encephalitis infection? It is deposited as long protein fibrils in the blank with no nuclei acid
Prions;brain
Viral DNA inserted into bacterial chromosome is said to be a blank. Which is what?
Prophage; copies during normal bacterial cell division
Viruses incorporate into the DNA of the host is termed what?
Provirus
various cells of all mammals is attacked by what virus?
Rabies
Capsomeres spontaneously blank
Self assemble
Viral genome may be blank (5)
Single stranded, double stranded, linear, circular or segmented
Blank allow viruses to dock with host cells
Spikes
Blank can be found on blank or blank viruses.
Spikes; naked or enveloped
Superoxide ion is converted into hydrogen peeioxide by boank
Superoxide dismutase
As oxygen enters cellular reactions, it is transformed into several toxic products what are these? Descubre them
Superoxide ion (O2-): highly reactive Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2): toxic to cells
Blank is the fusion of multiple host into single large cells containing multiple nuclei?
Syncytia
Blank: - Most widely studied bacteriophage - Infect E. coli - Complex Structure
T-Even Bacteriophage
Blank is capable of both the lytic and lysogenic cycles?
Temperate phages
Blank: Adsorption and penetration but not replication and release
Temperate phages
Genome: _______________
The sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism
T/F: Viruses contain DNA or RNA but not both.
True
Blank: a fully formed, infective virus
Virion
Blank bear no resemblance to cells and lack any of the blank-synthesizing machinery found in cells
Viruses;protein
capsid + nucleic acid =
nucleocapsid
Up to 13% of human cancers are caused by blank viruses.
oncogenic