Microbiology Chapter 5 (Review)

General phases of the animal viral replication cycle (5) What are these?

1. Adsorption 2. Penetration and Uncoating 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release

International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses: - blank orders and 38 blank - Nearly 100 families not blank to an order - Clinicians use blank names

8;families;assigned

What is a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell?

Virion

What is induction?

Virus in a Lysogenic state becomes activated and progresses directly into viral replication and lyticrelease

Blank viruses consist only of a nucleocapsid

Viruses

The blank of the host is penetrated by the whole virus or its nucleic acid.

cell membrane

What is when a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage?

• Lysogenic conversion

Blank: - Every bacterial species is parasitized by various specific bacteriophages. - Often make the bacteria they infect more pathogenic

Bacteriophage

Spongiform encephalopathies: - BlNk tissue of affected animals resembles a blank - Long/short period of latency before first clinical signs appear - Diseases are progressive and universally blank - blank disease - Bovine spongiform blank

Brain;sponge;long;fatal;Creutzfeldt-Jakob;encephalopathy

How long can the virus remain in host?

For a few weeks or remainder of hosts life

Viral DNA inserted into bacterial chromosome is said to be a "blank" - Copied during normal bacterial cell blank

"prophage";division

Types of CPEs include: (3 things)

- Changes in shape and size - Inclusion bodies - Syncytia

Transformed cells have: what four characteristics?

- Increased rate of growth - Alterations in chromosomes - Changes in cell surface molecules - Capacity to divide indefinitely

What is a protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid?

Capsid

What is uncoating?

Capsid is removed, viral nucleus acids released into cytoplasm

Name three oncoviruses.

-Papillomaviruses - Herpes virus - Hepatitis B virus

What is an example of icosanedral naked? Enveloped?

Adenovirus;herpes

A virus can invade its host cell only through making an exact fit with a specific host molecule. What is this term?

Adsorption

Cells that lack compatible virus receptors are resistant to blank and blank by that virus.

Adsorption;invasion

For many years, blank viruses were classified on the basis of their hosts and the diseases they caused.

Animal

Blank is virus-induced damaged to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance?

CPEs

Virus may carry genes that cause blank or insert into host chromosomes at a point that activates existing oncogenes

Cancer

Capsid is composed of protein subunits called blank

Capsomeres

Hydrogen peroxide is converted into water and oxygen by blnk

Catalase

Blank state periodically become activated

Chronic latent

What type of toxin? Corynebacterium diphtheriae - - Vibrio cholerae - - Clostridium botulinum-

Corynebacterium diphtheriae - diphtheria toxin - Vibrio cholerae - cholera toxin - Clostridium botulinum - botulinum toxin

What disease is associated with prions?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

RNA viruses are usually replicated and assembled in the blank

Cytoplasm

Viruses contain the following genetic information: a. DNA only b. RNA only c. Both DNA and RNA d. Answer a or answer b, but not both e. Protein

D

Newer classification systems emphasize the following: - Hosts and blank they cause - Blank - Blank composition - Similarities in blank makeup

Dieseases;structure: chemical;genetic

What term is viral envelope merges with the cell membrane?

Direct fusion

What term is when the entire virus is engulfed?

Endocytosis

T/F: Viral spikes are typically found on only enveloped viruses and are used for attachment to host cells.

False

liver cells of humans related to what? Attacked by what virus?

Hepatitis B

Blank is the limited range of cells that a virus can infect

Host range

The structure contains only those parts needed to invade and control a blank cell: • External blank • Core containing blank or blank • Sometimes one or two blank

Host; coating; DNA or RNA; enzymes

What term is compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles in the nucleus and cytoplasm; a type of intracellular change?

Inclusion bodies

Accumulated damage from a virus infection blank most cells

Kills

Blank: The Silent Virus Infection

Lysogeny

*what is rupture of the cell?

Lytic release

What is the difference from the lytic and lysogenic cycles?

Lytic: destroys cell(ruptures) Lysogenic: virus is incorporated into DNA of cell and carried from generations

What is an example of helical enveloped? Naked?

Measles, rabbies; tabacco mosaic virus

DNA viruses are usually replicated and assembled in the blank

Nucleus

What are the atmospheric gases that have the most influence of microbial growth?

O2 and CO2

blank: mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors

Oncoviruses

Cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed is termed what?

Persistent infections

Occasionally blank genes in the bacterial chromosome cause the production of toxins or enzymes that cause blank in the human.

Phage;phathology

Intestinal and nerve cells of primates are attacked by what virus?

Poliovirus

Blank • Protein only • Exact mode of infection still unknown

Prions

What are protein agents of spongiform encephalitis infection? It is deposited as long protein fibrils in the blank with no nuclei acid

Prions;brain

Viral DNA inserted into bacterial chromosome is said to be a blank. Which is what?

Prophage; copies during normal bacterial cell division

Viruses incorporate into the DNA of the host is termed what?

Provirus

various cells of all mammals is attacked by what virus?

Rabies

Capsomeres spontaneously blank

Self assemble

Viral genome may be blank (5)

Single stranded, double stranded, linear, circular or segmented

Blank allow viruses to dock with host cells

Spikes

Blank can be found on blank or blank viruses.

Spikes; naked or enveloped

Superoxide ion is converted into hydrogen peeioxide by boank

Superoxide dismutase

As oxygen enters cellular reactions, it is transformed into several toxic products what are these? Descubre them

Superoxide ion (O2-): highly reactive Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2): toxic to cells

Blank is the fusion of multiple host into single large cells containing multiple nuclei?

Syncytia

Blank: - Most widely studied bacteriophage - Infect E. coli - Complex Structure

T-Even Bacteriophage

Blank is capable of both the lytic and lysogenic cycles?

Temperate phages

Blank: Adsorption and penetration but not replication and release

Temperate phages

Genome: _______________

The sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism

T/F: Viruses contain DNA or RNA but not both.

True

Blank: a fully formed, infective virus

Virion

Blank bear no resemblance to cells and lack any of the blank-synthesizing machinery found in cells

Viruses;protein

capsid + nucleic acid =

nucleocapsid

Up to 13% of human cancers are caused by blank viruses.

oncogenic