Microbiology Exam #2

Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell? DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein Protein encodes RNA which encodes DNA RNA encodes DNA which encodes protein

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

_____and _____oxide are used mainly as disinfectant-sterilants for some foods and plastic items.

ETO, Ethylene, or ethylene; propylene or Propylene

What term is used to describe enzymes which work outside the cell? Multiple choice question. Protoenzymes Exoenzymes Endoenzymes Apoenzymes

Exoenzymes

What is the name of the specialized plasmid that directs conjugation in gram-negative cells?

F-factor

True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.

False

Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments? Glycocalyx Cell wall Nucleoid Cell membrane Fimbriae

Cell wall

_____ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.

Conjugation

The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause which of the following? Multiple select question. Food spoilage Disease Antibiotic production Microbial antagonism

Food spoilage Disease

How are many cultures of microbes routinely preserved?

Freezing

Which is the correct order of events when a protein is made in the process of translation? a)Initiation, elongation, termination b)Initiation, termination, elongation c)Termination, elongation, initiation d)Elongation, termination, initiation

Initiation, elongation, termination

True or false: Mutations are always harmful to cells.

False

True or false: Viral genomes are always composed of either single or double stranded DNA.

False

Which best defines an active site? Region on the substrate where the enzyme binds Region of an enzyme where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds

Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds

_____ RNA may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Regulatory

What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?

Replication

Which of the following describes the main function of the cell membrane? Synthesis of DNA Movement of the organism Enzyme synthesis Selective barrier Digestion of foreign matter

Selective barrier

_____ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.

Semisynthetic

Select all that apply Aztreonam is used to control which of the following conditions? Septicemia Gastroenteritis Urinary tract infections Pneumonia Tuberculosis

Septicemia Urinary tract infections Pneumonia

Which type of mutation is due to random mistakes in replication?

Spontaneous mutation

Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including endospores, are called which of the following? Detergents Germicides Antiseptics Sterilants

Sterilants

What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act? Multiple choice question. Substrate Cofactor Allosteric site Active site

Substrate

_____ radiation is most lethal from 240nm to 280nm.

Ultraviolet

In _____ respiration, electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen which acts as the terminal electron acceptor.

aerobic

The ______ test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.

ames

Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions. Multiple select question. Transferring electrons Raising the required activation energy Making and breaking chemical bonds Transferring oxygen

Transferring electrons Making and breaking chemical bonds

Which organisms can be destroyed by cationic detergents?

Vegetative bacteria

True or false: Metabolic pathways are interconnected. True False

True

When the process of anabolism synthesizes sufficient macromolecules to support two cells and the chromosome has been duplicated, a bacterial cell will divide by a process called _____ _____ .

binary fission

Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?

Narrow

Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?

Natural selection

Select all that apply Identify the products of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water

Oxygen Water

Which of the following describes ortho-phthalaldehyde? Pale blue gas Bright yellow liquid Pale blue liquid Yellow-orange gas

Pale blue liquid

An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a(n) _____ spectrum antibiotic.

broad or extended

Another name for phenol is _____ acid.

carbolic

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during _____ .

conjugation

A _____ binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.

corepressor

A(n) _____ is an iron containing (heme) protein electron carrier in the last phases of aerobic respiration.

cytochrome

Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA? tRNA rRNA dRNA mRNA

dRNA

Microbial control methods are referred to as _____ procedures.

decontamination

The reduction of nitrite to nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas by some species of bacteria is called ________.

denitrification

The DNA of a chromosome is _____ stranded.

double

The Kreb's cycle has _____steps.

eight

Radiation is characterized by a range of wavelengths known as the _____ _____ .

electromagnetic spectrum

All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ________ in a usable form. Multiple choice question. oxygen carbon dioxide energy heat

energy

All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable _____ .

energy

In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response to _____ stimuli such as nutrient and toxin levels, and also during growth and _____ .

environmental, development

_____oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic.

ethylene

ETO is the acronym for _____ _____.

ethylene oxide

Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes.

excision

Interferon is produced primarily by _____ and _____ in response to various immune stimuli.

fibroblasts and leukocytes

The bombarding of a substance by waves or particles for diagnosis, therapy, disinfection, or sterilization is referred to as _____.

irradiation

Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a(n) _____ " and key" interaction.

lock

The cell _____ is responsible for preventing the loss of important molecules and stopping the entry of damaging substances.

membrane

The liquid metal, ______, can be very toxic to humans if it is ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, even in small doses.

mercury

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n) ______ .

mutation

Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous _____ or gene transfer from another species.

mutations or mutation

An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) _____ spectrum antibiotic.

narrow or limited

The outer membrane of some Gram-_____ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.

negative

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the _____.

genome

Several DNA viruses are known to be initiators of cancers and are thus termed _____.

oncogenic

The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are _____ , the _____ cycle, and the _____ chain.

glycolysis, Krebs, respiratory

On land, the primary photosynthesizers are _______.

green plants

Which are the primary photosynthesizers in terrestrial ecosystems?

green plants

During _____ photosynthesis, chlorophyll-containing organisms produce O2 as a waste product.

oxygenic

The first three events of translation in the correct order are _____ ,_____ ,_____ followed by protein folding and processing.

initiation, elongation or chain elongation, termination

In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no F (fertility) _____ DNA is considered F-.

plasmid

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex _____ during conjugation.

pili

A _____ is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.

plasmid

The _____ protein is capable of repressing an operon.

repressor

The protein product of a repressor gene is the _____ which binds the operator to stop transcription.

repressor

The _____ is the term for a specific molecule on which an enzyme acts.

substrate

Amphotericin B is one of the few drugs that can be injected to treat _____ fungal infections such as cryptococcus meningitis.

systemic

Aldehydes are organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a _____ carbon.

terminal

The term _____ , or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid

triplets

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) arise when, through genetic transfer, a MRSA strain acquires the _____ operon located within a _____ .

vanA, transposon

In dilutions, a small amount of the _____ is diluted in a large volume of solvent to achieve a certain ratio.

solute

In a solution, solutes are dissolved in a liquid known as the _____

solvent

The kilogray is equal to _____ (write the number) grays.

1000

At best, cells can generate _____ ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.

38

What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?

38

Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?

60%

How many steps compose the Krebs cycle?

8

Which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique? Multiple choice question. Active site Primary structure Allosteric site

Active site

Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways? Microorganisms cannot be characterized by pathways they utilize. Anaerobic pathways use oxygen. Microorganisms only use fermentation pathways. Aerobic pathways use oxygen.

Aerobic pathways use oxygen.

_____ are organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a terminal carbon.

Aldehydes

In sterilization, which of the following are removed or destroyed? Only bacteria Bacteria and viruses but not endospores All microorganisms

All microorganisms

A sterile object is free of which of the following? All viable microorganisms and viruses Everything except endospores All viable microorganisms except viruses Almost all viable microorganisms and viruses

All viable microorganisms and viruses

Which of the following is a hypersensitive response to a particular substance by the immune system? Multiple choice question. Xenograph Tinea Cancer Allergy

Allergy

Select all that apply OPA typically kills microbes by which mechanisms? Altering amino acids Inhibiting RNA synthesis Producing toxic radicals Disrupting enzyme function

Altering amino acids Disrupting enzyme function

What term is used to describe the integration of catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions to improve cellular efficiency? Metabolism Kinetics Amphibolism Synergy

Amphibolism

What term is used to describe the integration of catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions to improve cellular efficiency? Synergy Kinetics Metabolism Amphibolism

Amphibolism

_____ is the property of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency and limit waste.

Amphibolism

Select all that apply Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria? Ampicillin Amoxicillin Dicloxacillin Nafcillin

Ampicillin Amoxicillin

Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms? Antigen Antibiotic Antithesis Antibody

Antibiotic

_____ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.

Antimicrobial

Identify the first tetracycline discovered.

Aureomycin

Select all that apply Direct examination of body fluids, sputum, and stool can provide a rapid detection method for which of the following? Bacteria Prions Fungi Viruses

Bacteria Fungi

Select all that apply Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs. Blocking virus binding to host cell receptors Blocking incorporation of virus DNA into host genome Barring virus penetration into host cell Blocking virus transcription and translation Preventing virus maturation

Barring virus penetration into host cell Blocking virus transcription and translation Preventing virus maturation

Which energy-requiring process results in the formation of a new cell?

Binary fission

Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids?

Biofilm

The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?

Both anabolic and catabolic

Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug?

Broad spectrum

Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching affects on beneficial resident species? Broad-spectrum Limited-spectrum Narrow-spectrum

Broad-spectrum

Which of the following are the main drawbacks to heavy metals? Multiple select question. Cause skin to yellow Can be toxic if inhaled Microbial resistance Cause allergies Cause weight gain

Can be toxic if inhaled Microbial resistance Cause allergies

Which of the following describes the process occurring during the Calvin cycle? Photolysis Carbon fixation Proton motive force Chemiosmosis

Carbon fixation

The combination of all reactions (catabolic + anabolic) within a cell is termed .

Catabolism

Which is the major cellular structure affected by alcohols? Cell membrane Cell wall Flagella Ribosomes

Cell membrane

Select all that apply Which of the following are quinolones? Clindamycin Cephalosporin Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin

Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin

_____ is another name for polymyxin E.

Colistin

Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site?

Competitive

Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following? Converts protein to RNA Converts DNA to RNA Converts RNA to protein Converts RNA to DNA Converts DNA to protein

Converts RNA to DNA

What binds with an inactive repressor to make an active repressor?

Corepressor

What compound is composed of a heme (iron containing) component which can shuttle electrons through the ETS during respiration?

Cytochrome

The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following? Competitive exclusion Synergism Drug resistance Molecular rebound

Drug resistance

Select all that apply Which of the following bacteria are routinely tested for drug susceptibility? Group A streptococci Enterococcus faecalis Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli Most anaerobic bacteria Staphylococcus sp.

Enterococcus faecalis Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli Staphylococcus sp.

Select all that apply Alcohols are most effective at destroying which of the following? Nonenveloped viruses Enveloped viruses Bacterial endospores Vegetative bacteria

Enveloped viruses Vegetative bacteria

_____ oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic.

Ethylene

Select all that apply Which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants? Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide Carbonic acid Chlorine dioxide Carbon monoxide

Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide Chlorine dioxide

Which best describes the function of enzymes? Facilitate metabolic pathways Provide internal translocation of compounds Provide locomotion to cells

Facilitate metabolic pathways

True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process.

False

True or false: The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms eradicate the adult stages of the organisms.

False

What is the process of straining a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms?

Filtration

Amphotericin B is considered highly versatile in that it is effective in treating most infections caused by which of the following? Helminths Viruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoa

Fungi

Which of the following is most penetrating? Multiple choice question. Cathode rays Gamma rays X-rays

Gamma rays

Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell? Gene Genome Chromosome

Genome

Which of following are the two aldehydes used most often in microbial control? Formalin and formaldehyde Glutaraldehyde and formalin Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde

Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde

Select all that apply The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways? Fermentation Glycolysis Kreb's cycle Respiratory chain Calvin cycle

Glycolysis Kreb's cycle Respiratory chain

The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways? Fermentation Glycolysis Respiratory chain Kreb's cycle Calvin cycle

Glycolysis Respiratory chain Kreb's cycle

Which term is used to describe a stack of thylakoids?

Grana

Which of the following bacteria are normally not tested for drug susceptibility? Neisseria gonorrhoeae Staphylococcus sp. Group A streptococci Streptococcus pneumoniae

Group A streptococci

Which is the most prominent among antimicrobial physical agents?

Heat

Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes? Heat Phenolics Germicide Radiation Filtration

Heat Radiation Filtration

Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term? Heredity Recombination Phenotype Mutation

Heredity

_____ is another term for genetics--the study of inheritance in living things.

Heredity

The production of _____ mixed acids, one being lactic acid, during fermentation is a good definition of fermentation.

Heterolactic

Which level germicides can function as sterilants?

High

Which of the following is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs? Damage to host tissues due to toxicity Allergic reactions Disruption of normal microflora Host cell metabolism of drug

Host cell metabolism of drug

An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system?

Immune

Which of the following is the practical definition of microbial death? Altered virulence of cells Altered appearance of cells Loss of motility Inability to reproduce

Inability to reproduce

Select all that apply Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include which of the following? Increased spectrum Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls Decreased allergic reactions Increased susceptibility to penicillinases

Increased spectrum Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls

Select all that apply Which groups of people may have greater risks to antimicrobials? Infants Pregnant women Teens Elderly

Infants Pregnant women Elderly

Which of the following is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer? Complement Insulin Interferon Porin Reverse transcriptase

Interferon

_____ are DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.

Intron

Which DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene?

Introns

Which of the following materials require high-level germicides? Medical devices in contact with membranes Medical devices that contact the skin Invasive medical devices

Invasive medical devices

_____ is the process of bombardment with radiation at the cellular level to control microbes.

Irradiation

Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions? Multiple choice question. Antigen-antibody complex Lock-and-key Fluid mosaic

Lock-and-key

Select all that apply Which of the following heavy metals are still used in germicidal preparations? Gold Arsenic Mercury Zinc Copper Silver

Mercury Silver

_____analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.

Metabolic

Select all that apply Hydrogen peroxide can decompose in the presence of which of the following? Dark Metals Catalase Light

Metals Catalase Light

Select all that apply. When these two drugs are used in combination nephrotoxic effects are increased. Multiple select question. Penicillins Macrolides Cephalosporins Polyenes

Penicillins Cephalosporins

The cell walls of most bacteria are composed primarily of which of the following? Starch Peptidoglycan Cellulose Lipopolysaccharide Chitin

Peptidoglycan

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?

Photoactivation

What is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes?

Plasmid

Which of the following macromolecules can commonly act as a catalyst? Multiple choice question. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

Proteins

Which of the following is a microorganism that can survive at low temperatures? Psychrotroph Thermophile Mesophile Anaerobe

Psychrotroph

The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs? Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Quinolones Synthetic drugs

Quinolones

Besides proteins, which type of molecule has been shown to have catalytic activity? Multiple choice question. lipid RNA carbohydrate DNA

RNA

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is _____

RNA polymerase.

_____ used for microbial control includes electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths.

Radiation

Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes? Phenolics Radiation Germicide Filtration Heat

Radiation Filtration Heat

Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms?

Recombination

_____ refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.

Recombination

Select all that apply Which organisms typically can not be destroyed by cationic detergents? Resistant viruses Vegetative bacteria Endospores

Resistant viruses Endospores

The tetracyclines bind to which of the following structures? Ribosome Cell wall Nucleoid Cell membrane

Ribosome

Which of the following is the genetic pattern of viral genomes? Single or double stranded DNA or RNA Single stranded DNA only Single or double stranded DNA only Double stranded DNA only

Single or double stranded DNA or RNA

Select all that apply Antimicrobial chemicals can exist in what physical states? High-level Liquid Gas Low-level Solid

Solid, Liquid, Gas

_____ mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.

Spontaneous

Which of the following can be high-level germicides? Sterilants Antiseptics Disinfectants

Sterilants

What process completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat?

Sterilization

Select all that apply Synercid is effective against members of which genera? Streptococcus Staphylococcus Enterobacter Pseudomonas Enterococcus Proteus

Streptococcus Staphylococcus Enterococcus

Select all that apply Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug? The nature of the infecting agent The patient's prior history of exposure to the infecting agent The prevalence of the infecting agent in the community The overall health of the patient The sensitivity of the infecting agent

The nature of the infecting agent The overall health of the patient The sensitivity of the infecting agent

What is the purpose of the Ames test?

To determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical

True or false: The nature and sensitivity of the microorganism need to be considered before antimicrobial treatment begins.

True

True or false: Most tissues are susceptible to adverse effects caused by the use of antimicrobial therapy.

True

True or false: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides.

True

True or false: Antiviral drugs prevent penetration into a host cell, block transcription and translation, and prevent maturation of viral particles.

True

True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.

True

_____ radiation is non-ionizing radiation that readily induces mutations.

Ultraviolet

All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by antimicrobial drugs except which of the following? Microbes with variable resistance Complex mixtures of microbes Uniform populations of like microbes Microbes with variable pathogenic capabilities

Uniform populations of like microbes

Which describes glutaraldehyde? Yellow gas Brown liquid Yellow liquid Brown gas

Yellow liquid

Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase? a)Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place b)Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template c)Terminates the transcription process d)Seals the fragmented pieces of RNA together after synthesis

a)Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place b)Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template

An enzyme's _____ site is unique for each substrate.

active or catalytic

The study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called _____ .

bioenergetics

Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical ______ and the transfer of _____ from one molecule to another.

bonds, electrons

Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical ______and the transfer of ______ from one molecule to another.

bonds; electrons

An enzyme acts as a biological _____that alters the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction.

catalyst

Chlorhexidine targets the _____ _____ by lowering surface tension and causes the denaturation of _____ .

cell or plasma, membrane, proteins

The phenol _____ quantitatively compares the effectiveness of a chemical to that of phenol.

coefficient

The return of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere at the end of the nitrogen cycle is called _____.

denitrification

the inability of a drug to _____ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.

diffuse

A(n) _____ describes any enzyme that works outside a cell in which it was produced.

exoenzyme

The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms is known as _____

filtration

The addition of carbon dioxide to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate to begin the Calvin cycle is known as carbon _____ .

fixation

The _____ are a group of nonmetallic elements with antimicrobial applications, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

halogens

One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to Multiple choice question. rely on finding the metabolic product in nature rely of consuming the "right" organism have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product

have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product

The three types of RNA are ______ RNA, _____RNA, and _____RNA.

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics that target the bacterial cell _____ .

membrane

Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually _____ , whereas lower temperatures are usually _____.

microbicidal, microbistatic

The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the _____ matrix, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the _____ .

mitochondrial, cytoplasm

The Krebs cycle occurs in the ______ of eukaryotic cells and the ______ of bacteria. cytoplasm; cytoplasm mitochondrion; cytoplasm cytoplasm; mitochondrion

mitochondrion; cytoplasm

Drug therapy may fail because the infection is caused by a(n) _____ culture (more than one species).

mixed

A small number of _____ are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.

mutations

The mechanisms of _____transformation involve genes that can regulate cellular genomes and control the onset of cell division.

oncogenic

Select all that apply Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA? repressor operator inducer RNA polymerase structural genes

operator structural genes

Two components of an operon include the _____ that acts as an on/off switch, and the _____ gene sequences.

operator, structural

The term "aerobic respiration" implies that ____ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed. zinc carbon dioxide glucose oxygen

oxygen

If the bacterium causing a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, a physician can normally prescribe the antibiotic, _____ .

penicilin

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of no more than a few bases are referred to as _____ mutations.

point

The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA _____ I and III.

polymerase

Select all that apply DNA polymerases are responsible for: a)binding the nicks in DNA. b)proofreading/repair. c)supercoiling of DNA. d)building the DNA chain. e)unwinding the helix.

proofreading/repair. building the DNA chain.

Most enzymes are a functional type______(a type of macromolecule).

protein

During semiconservative _____ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.

replication

The inability to _____ even under optimal growth conditions is the practical definition of microbial death.

reproduce, multiply, or replicate

A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called _____ _____ .

reverse transcriptase

A catalyst composed of RNA is called a(n) .

ribosymes

A catalyst composed of RNA is called a(n) .

ribozyme

Most soaps would be considered a _____ while bleach solutions are considered a _____.

sanitizer, disinfectant

The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is ______. Multiple choice question. using or not using oxygen present or absent glycolysis reaction functional or non-functional electron transport system

using or not using oxygen

In a chromosome, the DNA is composed of ______ strands.

2

Polymyxins are derived from a species of which of the following? Streptomyces Micromonospora Penicillium Bacillus Pseudomonas

Bacillus

Nephrotoxic drugs are toxic to which of the following? Kidneys Blood-forming tissue Gastrointestinal tract Liver

Kidneys

Metals with a _____ molecular weight can be toxic in low amounts.

high

Which of the following is the antiseptic cleanser of choice to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in hospitals? Hydrochloric acid Ethanol Iodine compounds Phenolics Chlorhexidine

Chlorhexidine

The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with _____ which encodes _____ which encodes protein.

DNA, RNA

Which of the following is the mechanical removal of most microbes from animate or inanimate surface? Decontamination Disinfection Sanitization Pasteurization

Decontamination

_____ is the general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage.

Decontamination

Conjugation in gram-negative cells is directed by a plasmid called the_____ factor.

F

In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipient cell that does not have a fertility plasmid?

F-

Which type of acidic fermentation produces mixed acid products?

Heterolactic

Antacids reduce the absorption of which drug?

Isoniazid

When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following? Focal infection Primary infection Superinfection Biofilm Secondary infection

Superinfection

Why aren't bromine and fluorine routinely used in germicidal preparations?

They are dangerous.

What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient

Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA?

Triplet

Genetic transfer of ______ to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain produces vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE).

a transposon containing the vanA operon

The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit _____ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.

metabolism or metabolic activity

Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of _____.

translation