Microbiology Exam #2
Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell? DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein Protein encodes RNA which encodes DNA RNA encodes DNA which encodes protein
DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein
_____and _____oxide are used mainly as disinfectant-sterilants for some foods and plastic items.
ETO, Ethylene, or ethylene; propylene or Propylene
What term is used to describe enzymes which work outside the cell? Multiple choice question. Protoenzymes Exoenzymes Endoenzymes Apoenzymes
Exoenzymes
What is the name of the specialized plasmid that directs conjugation in gram-negative cells?
F-factor
True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.
False
Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments? Glycocalyx Cell wall Nucleoid Cell membrane Fimbriae
Cell wall
_____ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.
Conjugation
The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause which of the following? Multiple select question. Food spoilage Disease Antibiotic production Microbial antagonism
Food spoilage Disease
How are many cultures of microbes routinely preserved?
Freezing
Which is the correct order of events when a protein is made in the process of translation? a)Initiation, elongation, termination b)Initiation, termination, elongation c)Termination, elongation, initiation d)Elongation, termination, initiation
Initiation, elongation, termination
True or false: Mutations are always harmful to cells.
False
True or false: Viral genomes are always composed of either single or double stranded DNA.
False
Which best defines an active site? Region on the substrate where the enzyme binds Region of an enzyme where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds
Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds
_____ RNA may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Regulatory
What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?
Replication
Which of the following describes the main function of the cell membrane? Synthesis of DNA Movement of the organism Enzyme synthesis Selective barrier Digestion of foreign matter
Selective barrier
_____ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.
Semisynthetic
Select all that apply Aztreonam is used to control which of the following conditions? Septicemia Gastroenteritis Urinary tract infections Pneumonia Tuberculosis
Septicemia Urinary tract infections Pneumonia
Which type of mutation is due to random mistakes in replication?
Spontaneous mutation
Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including endospores, are called which of the following? Detergents Germicides Antiseptics Sterilants
Sterilants
What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act? Multiple choice question. Substrate Cofactor Allosteric site Active site
Substrate
_____ radiation is most lethal from 240nm to 280nm.
Ultraviolet
In _____ respiration, electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen which acts as the terminal electron acceptor.
aerobic
The ______ test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.
ames
Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions. Multiple select question. Transferring electrons Raising the required activation energy Making and breaking chemical bonds Transferring oxygen
Transferring electrons Making and breaking chemical bonds
Which organisms can be destroyed by cationic detergents?
Vegetative bacteria
True or false: Metabolic pathways are interconnected. True False
True
When the process of anabolism synthesizes sufficient macromolecules to support two cells and the chromosome has been duplicated, a bacterial cell will divide by a process called _____ _____ .
binary fission
Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?
Narrow
Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?
Natural selection
Select all that apply Identify the products of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water
Oxygen Water
Which of the following describes ortho-phthalaldehyde? Pale blue gas Bright yellow liquid Pale blue liquid Yellow-orange gas
Pale blue liquid
An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a(n) _____ spectrum antibiotic.
broad or extended
Another name for phenol is _____ acid.
carbolic
Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during _____ .
conjugation
A _____ binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.
corepressor
A(n) _____ is an iron containing (heme) protein electron carrier in the last phases of aerobic respiration.
cytochrome
Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA? tRNA rRNA dRNA mRNA
dRNA
Microbial control methods are referred to as _____ procedures.
decontamination
The reduction of nitrite to nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas by some species of bacteria is called ________.
denitrification
The DNA of a chromosome is _____ stranded.
double
The Kreb's cycle has _____steps.
eight
Radiation is characterized by a range of wavelengths known as the _____ _____ .
electromagnetic spectrum
All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ________ in a usable form. Multiple choice question. oxygen carbon dioxide energy heat
energy
All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable _____ .
energy
In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response to _____ stimuli such as nutrient and toxin levels, and also during growth and _____ .
environmental, development
_____oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic.
ethylene
ETO is the acronym for _____ _____.
ethylene oxide
Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes.
excision
Interferon is produced primarily by _____ and _____ in response to various immune stimuli.
fibroblasts and leukocytes
The bombarding of a substance by waves or particles for diagnosis, therapy, disinfection, or sterilization is referred to as _____.
irradiation
Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a(n) _____ " and key" interaction.
lock
The cell _____ is responsible for preventing the loss of important molecules and stopping the entry of damaging substances.
membrane
The liquid metal, ______, can be very toxic to humans if it is ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, even in small doses.
mercury
A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n) ______ .
mutation
Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous _____ or gene transfer from another species.
mutations or mutation
An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) _____ spectrum antibiotic.
narrow or limited
The outer membrane of some Gram-_____ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.
negative
The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the _____.
genome
Several DNA viruses are known to be initiators of cancers and are thus termed _____.
oncogenic
The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are _____ , the _____ cycle, and the _____ chain.
glycolysis, Krebs, respiratory
On land, the primary photosynthesizers are _______.
green plants
Which are the primary photosynthesizers in terrestrial ecosystems?
green plants
During _____ photosynthesis, chlorophyll-containing organisms produce O2 as a waste product.
oxygenic
The first three events of translation in the correct order are _____ ,_____ ,_____ followed by protein folding and processing.
initiation, elongation or chain elongation, termination
In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no F (fertility) _____ DNA is considered F-.
plasmid
Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex _____ during conjugation.
pili
A _____ is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.
plasmid
The _____ protein is capable of repressing an operon.
repressor
The protein product of a repressor gene is the _____ which binds the operator to stop transcription.
repressor
The _____ is the term for a specific molecule on which an enzyme acts.
substrate
Amphotericin B is one of the few drugs that can be injected to treat _____ fungal infections such as cryptococcus meningitis.
systemic
Aldehydes are organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a _____ carbon.
terminal
The term _____ , or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid
triplets
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) arise when, through genetic transfer, a MRSA strain acquires the _____ operon located within a _____ .
vanA, transposon
In dilutions, a small amount of the _____ is diluted in a large volume of solvent to achieve a certain ratio.
solute
In a solution, solutes are dissolved in a liquid known as the _____
solvent
The kilogray is equal to _____ (write the number) grays.
1000
At best, cells can generate _____ ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.
38
What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?
38
Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?
60%
How many steps compose the Krebs cycle?
8
Which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique? Multiple choice question. Active site Primary structure Allosteric site
Active site
Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways? Microorganisms cannot be characterized by pathways they utilize. Anaerobic pathways use oxygen. Microorganisms only use fermentation pathways. Aerobic pathways use oxygen.
Aerobic pathways use oxygen.
_____ are organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a terminal carbon.
Aldehydes
In sterilization, which of the following are removed or destroyed? Only bacteria Bacteria and viruses but not endospores All microorganisms
All microorganisms
A sterile object is free of which of the following? All viable microorganisms and viruses Everything except endospores All viable microorganisms except viruses Almost all viable microorganisms and viruses
All viable microorganisms and viruses
Which of the following is a hypersensitive response to a particular substance by the immune system? Multiple choice question. Xenograph Tinea Cancer Allergy
Allergy
Select all that apply OPA typically kills microbes by which mechanisms? Altering amino acids Inhibiting RNA synthesis Producing toxic radicals Disrupting enzyme function
Altering amino acids Disrupting enzyme function
What term is used to describe the integration of catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions to improve cellular efficiency? Metabolism Kinetics Amphibolism Synergy
Amphibolism
What term is used to describe the integration of catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions to improve cellular efficiency? Synergy Kinetics Metabolism Amphibolism
Amphibolism
_____ is the property of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency and limit waste.
Amphibolism
Select all that apply Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria? Ampicillin Amoxicillin Dicloxacillin Nafcillin
Ampicillin Amoxicillin
Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms? Antigen Antibiotic Antithesis Antibody
Antibiotic
_____ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.
Antimicrobial
Identify the first tetracycline discovered.
Aureomycin
Select all that apply Direct examination of body fluids, sputum, and stool can provide a rapid detection method for which of the following? Bacteria Prions Fungi Viruses
Bacteria Fungi
Select all that apply Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs. Blocking virus binding to host cell receptors Blocking incorporation of virus DNA into host genome Barring virus penetration into host cell Blocking virus transcription and translation Preventing virus maturation
Barring virus penetration into host cell Blocking virus transcription and translation Preventing virus maturation
Which energy-requiring process results in the formation of a new cell?
Binary fission
Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids?
Biofilm
The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?
Both anabolic and catabolic
Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug?
Broad spectrum
Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching affects on beneficial resident species? Broad-spectrum Limited-spectrum Narrow-spectrum
Broad-spectrum
Which of the following are the main drawbacks to heavy metals? Multiple select question. Cause skin to yellow Can be toxic if inhaled Microbial resistance Cause allergies Cause weight gain
Can be toxic if inhaled Microbial resistance Cause allergies
Which of the following describes the process occurring during the Calvin cycle? Photolysis Carbon fixation Proton motive force Chemiosmosis
Carbon fixation
The combination of all reactions (catabolic + anabolic) within a cell is termed .
Catabolism
Which is the major cellular structure affected by alcohols? Cell membrane Cell wall Flagella Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Select all that apply Which of the following are quinolones? Clindamycin Cephalosporin Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin
Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin
_____ is another name for polymyxin E.
Colistin
Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site?
Competitive
Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following? Converts protein to RNA Converts DNA to RNA Converts RNA to protein Converts RNA to DNA Converts DNA to protein
Converts RNA to DNA
What binds with an inactive repressor to make an active repressor?
Corepressor
What compound is composed of a heme (iron containing) component which can shuttle electrons through the ETS during respiration?
Cytochrome
The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following? Competitive exclusion Synergism Drug resistance Molecular rebound
Drug resistance
Select all that apply Which of the following bacteria are routinely tested for drug susceptibility? Group A streptococci Enterococcus faecalis Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli Most anaerobic bacteria Staphylococcus sp.
Enterococcus faecalis Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli Staphylococcus sp.
Select all that apply Alcohols are most effective at destroying which of the following? Nonenveloped viruses Enveloped viruses Bacterial endospores Vegetative bacteria
Enveloped viruses Vegetative bacteria
_____ oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic.
Ethylene
Select all that apply Which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants? Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide Carbonic acid Chlorine dioxide Carbon monoxide
Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide Chlorine dioxide
Which best describes the function of enzymes? Facilitate metabolic pathways Provide internal translocation of compounds Provide locomotion to cells
Facilitate metabolic pathways
True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process.
False
True or false: The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms eradicate the adult stages of the organisms.
False
What is the process of straining a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms?
Filtration
Amphotericin B is considered highly versatile in that it is effective in treating most infections caused by which of the following? Helminths Viruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoa
Fungi
Which of the following is most penetrating? Multiple choice question. Cathode rays Gamma rays X-rays
Gamma rays
Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell? Gene Genome Chromosome
Genome
Which of following are the two aldehydes used most often in microbial control? Formalin and formaldehyde Glutaraldehyde and formalin Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde
Select all that apply The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways? Fermentation Glycolysis Kreb's cycle Respiratory chain Calvin cycle
Glycolysis Kreb's cycle Respiratory chain
The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways? Fermentation Glycolysis Respiratory chain Kreb's cycle Calvin cycle
Glycolysis Respiratory chain Kreb's cycle
Which term is used to describe a stack of thylakoids?
Grana
Which of the following bacteria are normally not tested for drug susceptibility? Neisseria gonorrhoeae Staphylococcus sp. Group A streptococci Streptococcus pneumoniae
Group A streptococci
Which is the most prominent among antimicrobial physical agents?
Heat
Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes? Heat Phenolics Germicide Radiation Filtration
Heat Radiation Filtration
Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term? Heredity Recombination Phenotype Mutation
Heredity
_____ is another term for genetics--the study of inheritance in living things.
Heredity
The production of _____ mixed acids, one being lactic acid, during fermentation is a good definition of fermentation.
Heterolactic
Which level germicides can function as sterilants?
High
Which of the following is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs? Damage to host tissues due to toxicity Allergic reactions Disruption of normal microflora Host cell metabolism of drug
Host cell metabolism of drug
An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system?
Immune
Which of the following is the practical definition of microbial death? Altered virulence of cells Altered appearance of cells Loss of motility Inability to reproduce
Inability to reproduce
Select all that apply Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include which of the following? Increased spectrum Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls Decreased allergic reactions Increased susceptibility to penicillinases
Increased spectrum Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls
Select all that apply Which groups of people may have greater risks to antimicrobials? Infants Pregnant women Teens Elderly
Infants Pregnant women Elderly
Which of the following is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer? Complement Insulin Interferon Porin Reverse transcriptase
Interferon
_____ are DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.
Intron
Which DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene?
Introns
Which of the following materials require high-level germicides? Medical devices in contact with membranes Medical devices that contact the skin Invasive medical devices
Invasive medical devices
_____ is the process of bombardment with radiation at the cellular level to control microbes.
Irradiation
Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions? Multiple choice question. Antigen-antibody complex Lock-and-key Fluid mosaic
Lock-and-key
Select all that apply Which of the following heavy metals are still used in germicidal preparations? Gold Arsenic Mercury Zinc Copper Silver
Mercury Silver
_____analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.
Metabolic
Select all that apply Hydrogen peroxide can decompose in the presence of which of the following? Dark Metals Catalase Light
Metals Catalase Light
Select all that apply. When these two drugs are used in combination nephrotoxic effects are increased. Multiple select question. Penicillins Macrolides Cephalosporins Polyenes
Penicillins Cephalosporins
The cell walls of most bacteria are composed primarily of which of the following? Starch Peptidoglycan Cellulose Lipopolysaccharide Chitin
Peptidoglycan
Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?
Photoactivation
What is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes?
Plasmid
Which of the following macromolecules can commonly act as a catalyst? Multiple choice question. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
Proteins
Which of the following is a microorganism that can survive at low temperatures? Psychrotroph Thermophile Mesophile Anaerobe
Psychrotroph
The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs? Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Quinolones Synthetic drugs
Quinolones
Besides proteins, which type of molecule has been shown to have catalytic activity? Multiple choice question. lipid RNA carbohydrate DNA
RNA
The main enzyme responsible for transcription is _____
RNA polymerase.
_____ used for microbial control includes electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths.
Radiation
Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes? Phenolics Radiation Germicide Filtration Heat
Radiation Filtration Heat
Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms?
Recombination
_____ refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.
Recombination
Select all that apply Which organisms typically can not be destroyed by cationic detergents? Resistant viruses Vegetative bacteria Endospores
Resistant viruses Endospores
The tetracyclines bind to which of the following structures? Ribosome Cell wall Nucleoid Cell membrane
Ribosome
Which of the following is the genetic pattern of viral genomes? Single or double stranded DNA or RNA Single stranded DNA only Single or double stranded DNA only Double stranded DNA only
Single or double stranded DNA or RNA
Select all that apply Antimicrobial chemicals can exist in what physical states? High-level Liquid Gas Low-level Solid
Solid, Liquid, Gas
_____ mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.
Spontaneous
Which of the following can be high-level germicides? Sterilants Antiseptics Disinfectants
Sterilants
What process completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat?
Sterilization
Select all that apply Synercid is effective against members of which genera? Streptococcus Staphylococcus Enterobacter Pseudomonas Enterococcus Proteus
Streptococcus Staphylococcus Enterococcus
Select all that apply Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug? The nature of the infecting agent The patient's prior history of exposure to the infecting agent The prevalence of the infecting agent in the community The overall health of the patient The sensitivity of the infecting agent
The nature of the infecting agent The overall health of the patient The sensitivity of the infecting agent
What is the purpose of the Ames test?
To determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical
True or false: The nature and sensitivity of the microorganism need to be considered before antimicrobial treatment begins.
True
True or false: Most tissues are susceptible to adverse effects caused by the use of antimicrobial therapy.
True
True or false: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides.
True
True or false: Antiviral drugs prevent penetration into a host cell, block transcription and translation, and prevent maturation of viral particles.
True
True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.
True
_____ radiation is non-ionizing radiation that readily induces mutations.
Ultraviolet
All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by antimicrobial drugs except which of the following? Microbes with variable resistance Complex mixtures of microbes Uniform populations of like microbes Microbes with variable pathogenic capabilities
Uniform populations of like microbes
Which describes glutaraldehyde? Yellow gas Brown liquid Yellow liquid Brown gas
Yellow liquid
Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase? a)Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place b)Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template c)Terminates the transcription process d)Seals the fragmented pieces of RNA together after synthesis
a)Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place b)Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template
An enzyme's _____ site is unique for each substrate.
active or catalytic
The study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called _____ .
bioenergetics
Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical ______ and the transfer of _____ from one molecule to another.
bonds, electrons
Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical ______and the transfer of ______ from one molecule to another.
bonds; electrons
An enzyme acts as a biological _____that alters the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction.
catalyst
Chlorhexidine targets the _____ _____ by lowering surface tension and causes the denaturation of _____ .
cell or plasma, membrane, proteins
The phenol _____ quantitatively compares the effectiveness of a chemical to that of phenol.
coefficient
The return of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere at the end of the nitrogen cycle is called _____.
denitrification
the inability of a drug to _____ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.
diffuse
A(n) _____ describes any enzyme that works outside a cell in which it was produced.
exoenzyme
The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms is known as _____
filtration
The addition of carbon dioxide to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate to begin the Calvin cycle is known as carbon _____ .
fixation
The _____ are a group of nonmetallic elements with antimicrobial applications, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
halogens
One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to Multiple choice question. rely on finding the metabolic product in nature rely of consuming the "right" organism have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product
have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product
The three types of RNA are ______ RNA, _____RNA, and _____RNA.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics that target the bacterial cell _____ .
membrane
Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually _____ , whereas lower temperatures are usually _____.
microbicidal, microbistatic
The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the _____ matrix, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the _____ .
mitochondrial, cytoplasm
The Krebs cycle occurs in the ______ of eukaryotic cells and the ______ of bacteria. cytoplasm; cytoplasm mitochondrion; cytoplasm cytoplasm; mitochondrion
mitochondrion; cytoplasm
Drug therapy may fail because the infection is caused by a(n) _____ culture (more than one species).
mixed
A small number of _____ are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.
mutations
The mechanisms of _____transformation involve genes that can regulate cellular genomes and control the onset of cell division.
oncogenic
Select all that apply Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA? repressor operator inducer RNA polymerase structural genes
operator structural genes
Two components of an operon include the _____ that acts as an on/off switch, and the _____ gene sequences.
operator, structural
The term "aerobic respiration" implies that ____ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed. zinc carbon dioxide glucose oxygen
oxygen
If the bacterium causing a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, a physician can normally prescribe the antibiotic, _____ .
penicilin
Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of no more than a few bases are referred to as _____ mutations.
point
The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA _____ I and III.
polymerase
Select all that apply DNA polymerases are responsible for: a)binding the nicks in DNA. b)proofreading/repair. c)supercoiling of DNA. d)building the DNA chain. e)unwinding the helix.
proofreading/repair. building the DNA chain.
Most enzymes are a functional type______(a type of macromolecule).
protein
During semiconservative _____ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.
replication
The inability to _____ even under optimal growth conditions is the practical definition of microbial death.
reproduce, multiply, or replicate
A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called _____ _____ .
reverse transcriptase
A catalyst composed of RNA is called a(n) .
ribosymes
A catalyst composed of RNA is called a(n) .
ribozyme
Most soaps would be considered a _____ while bleach solutions are considered a _____.
sanitizer, disinfectant
The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is ______. Multiple choice question. using or not using oxygen present or absent glycolysis reaction functional or non-functional electron transport system
using or not using oxygen
In a chromosome, the DNA is composed of ______ strands.
2
Polymyxins are derived from a species of which of the following? Streptomyces Micromonospora Penicillium Bacillus Pseudomonas
Bacillus
Nephrotoxic drugs are toxic to which of the following? Kidneys Blood-forming tissue Gastrointestinal tract Liver
Kidneys
Metals with a _____ molecular weight can be toxic in low amounts.
high
Which of the following is the antiseptic cleanser of choice to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in hospitals? Hydrochloric acid Ethanol Iodine compounds Phenolics Chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine
The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with _____ which encodes _____ which encodes protein.
DNA, RNA
Which of the following is the mechanical removal of most microbes from animate or inanimate surface? Decontamination Disinfection Sanitization Pasteurization
Decontamination
_____ is the general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage.
Decontamination
Conjugation in gram-negative cells is directed by a plasmid called the_____ factor.
F
In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipient cell that does not have a fertility plasmid?
F-
Which type of acidic fermentation produces mixed acid products?
Heterolactic
Antacids reduce the absorption of which drug?
Isoniazid
When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following? Focal infection Primary infection Superinfection Biofilm Secondary infection
Superinfection
Why aren't bromine and fluorine routinely used in germicidal preparations?
They are dangerous.
What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?
To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient
Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA?
Triplet
Genetic transfer of ______ to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain produces vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE).
a transposon containing the vanA operon
The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit _____ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.
metabolism or metabolic activity
Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of _____.
translation