Microbiology test 4
frequency of occurance
Diseases are classified by
incidence, prevalence
Disease occurrence is reported based on these 2 factors
incidence
Number of people contracting the disease
scope
The ___ of a disease can be defined as acute, chronic, subacute, or latent.
sporadic
A(n) ________ infection occurs only occasionally, or seasonally, in an environment.
5-15%
About ___% of all hospitalized patients acquire nosocomial infection.
subclinical
An inapparent, or ___, infection does not cause any signs of disease in the host.
collagenase
Bacteria can spread from a local infection by means of kinases (which destroy blood clots), hyaluronidase (which destroys a mucopolysaccharide that holds cells together), and ___(which hydrolyzes connective tissue collagen).
diphtheria
Cytotoxins include ___ toxin (which inhibits protein synthesis) and erythrogenic toxins (which damage capillaries).
erythrogenic
Cytotoxins include diphtheria toxin (which inhibits protein synthesis) and ___ toxins (which damage capillaries).
direct damage
Host cells can be destroyed when pathogens metabolize and multiply inside the host cells. This type of damage is called:
fimbriae
Ligands can be glycoproteins or lipoproteins and are frequently associated with ___.
coagulase
Local infections can be protected in a fibrin clot caused by the bacterial enzyme ___.
botulinum
Neurotoxins include ___ toxin (which prevents nerve transmission) and tetanus toxin (which prevents inhibitory nerve transmission).
direct contact
Nosocomial infections are transmitted by ___ between staff members and patient and between patients.
drug-resistant
Opportunistic, ___ gram-negative bacteria are the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections.
gram-negative
Opportunistic, drug-resistant ___ bacteria are the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections.
invasions
Salmonellae produce ___, proteins that cause the actin of the host cell's cytoskeleton to form a basket to carry the bacteria into the cell.
protozoa
Some ___ change their surface antigens while growing in a host so the host's antibodies don't kill them.
algae
Some ___ produce neurotoxins that cause paralysis when ingested by humans.
capsules
Some pathogens have ___ that prevent them from being phagocytized.
endotoxins
The Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test is used to detect ___ in drugs and on medical devices.
Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL)
The ___ test is used to detect endotoxins in drugs and on medical devices.
macrophages
The enzymes leukocidins destroy neutrophils and ___
attachment sites
Viruses gain access to host cells because they have ___ for receptors on the host cell.
ligands
___ can be glycoproteins or lipoproteins and are frequently associated with fimbriae.
proteins
___ in the cell wall can facilitate adherence or prevent a pathogen from being phagocytized.
local
___ infections can be protected in a fibrin clot caused by the bacterial enzyme coagulase.
Salmonellae
___ produce invasions, proteins that cause the actin of the host cell's cytoskeleton to form a basket to carry the bacteria into the cell.
Opportunistic
___, drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria are the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections.