Microbiology test 4

frequency of occurance

Diseases are classified by

incidence, prevalence

Disease occurrence is reported based on these 2 factors

incidence

Number of people contracting the disease

scope

The ___ of a disease can be defined as acute, chronic, subacute, or latent.

sporadic

A(n) ________ infection occurs only occasionally, or seasonally, in an environment.

5-15%

About ___% of all hospitalized patients acquire nosocomial infection.

subclinical

An inapparent, or ___, infection does not cause any signs of disease in the host.

collagenase

Bacteria can spread from a local infection by means of kinases (which destroy blood clots), hyaluronidase (which destroys a mucopolysaccharide that holds cells together), and ___(which hydrolyzes connective tissue collagen).

diphtheria

Cytotoxins include ___ toxin (which inhibits protein synthesis) and erythrogenic toxins (which damage capillaries).

erythrogenic

Cytotoxins include diphtheria toxin (which inhibits protein synthesis) and ___ toxins (which damage capillaries).

direct damage

Host cells can be destroyed when pathogens metabolize and multiply inside the host cells. This type of damage is called:

fimbriae

Ligands can be glycoproteins or lipoproteins and are frequently associated with ___.

coagulase

Local infections can be protected in a fibrin clot caused by the bacterial enzyme ___.

botulinum

Neurotoxins include ___ toxin (which prevents nerve transmission) and tetanus toxin (which prevents inhibitory nerve transmission).

direct contact

Nosocomial infections are transmitted by ___ between staff members and patient and between patients.

drug-resistant

Opportunistic, ___ gram-negative bacteria are the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections.

gram-negative

Opportunistic, drug-resistant ___ bacteria are the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections.

invasions

Salmonellae produce ___, proteins that cause the actin of the host cell's cytoskeleton to form a basket to carry the bacteria into the cell.

protozoa

Some ___ change their surface antigens while growing in a host so the host's antibodies don't kill them.

algae

Some ___ produce neurotoxins that cause paralysis when ingested by humans.

capsules

Some pathogens have ___ that prevent them from being phagocytized.

endotoxins

The Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test is used to detect ___ in drugs and on medical devices.

Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL)

The ___ test is used to detect endotoxins in drugs and on medical devices.

macrophages

The enzymes leukocidins destroy neutrophils and ___

attachment sites

Viruses gain access to host cells because they have ___ for receptors on the host cell.

ligands

___ can be glycoproteins or lipoproteins and are frequently associated with fimbriae.

proteins

___ in the cell wall can facilitate adherence or prevent a pathogen from being phagocytized.

local

___ infections can be protected in a fibrin clot caused by the bacterial enzyme coagulase.

Salmonellae

___ produce invasions, proteins that cause the actin of the host cell's cytoskeleton to form a basket to carry the bacteria into the cell.

Opportunistic

___, drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria are the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections.