midterm

What is Continuous wave?

CW: measures blood flow velocities along an entire line, allowing for the accurate detection of very high velocities that would be subject to aliasing with pulsed-wave Doppler. Uses 2 piezoelectric crystals; one to continuously transmit ultrasound waves and the other to continuously receive ultrasound waves. (lacks spatial localization) whole cursor

What causes repetitive strain injuries (RCI's) and how can they be avoided?

Causes- repetitive motions, awkward posture, excessive posture, prevention- use ergonomics equipment, vary scanning positions, and take breaks

Define critical thinking in sonography?

Goal directed thinking that involves making judgements based on facts, being open-minded, and avoiding bias Helps us adapt to unexpected findings and improve image quality

Why is time efficiency important in echocardiography?

Improves workflow, pt throughput, and care coordination -organize exams by priority -communicate w nurses ahead of time -check equipment function b4 exam

What are core ethical responsibilities for a sonographer?

- good communication - compassion and respect - responsibility to self - Pt privacy

What is tendonitis? and how can sonographers reduce musculoskeletal injuries ?

- inflammation of a tendon due to overuse or poor ergonomics prevention: - good body mechanics - proper ergonomics - regular stretching - staying in good physical condition

What is A mode?

-A-mode (Amplitude mode): one-dimensional display showing echo amplitude vs depth. *look at it as: A-mode is data, B-mode is the picture, and M-mode is motion through time.

Name 2 recognized registry boards for cardiac sonography?

-CCI: Cardiovascular Credentialing International -ARDMS: American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography

What are the ASE and SDMS?

ASE: focuses on echo and CME SDMS: represents sonographers and provides professional resources host events, advocates for the career

What is an intracavitary ultrasound?

An ultrasound Performed within the body cavity using specialized transducers: requires high levels of disinfecting

What's the difference between infrasound, audible sound, and ultrasound?

Infrasound: Below 20 Hz Audible sound: 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz (20 kHz) Ultrasound: Above 20 kHz

What is the difference between negligence and malpractice?

Negligence is failure to act w reasonable care Malpractice is professional negligence resulting in harm (ex. not lowering bed)

If you see something concerning during exam, who should you communicate with?

Notify chief or supervising cardiologist or sonologist(NOT PT)

What is Pulse wave?

PW: measures flow at specific location but has maximum measurable velocity

What is a sonologist?

Sonologist: physician who interprets studies and provides diagnostic report

What is an echocardiography protocol?

Standardized sequence of vows and measurements required for a complete echocardiogram

What is a cardiologist?

cardiologist: interpret echocardiograms , stress echoes, TEEs, and other cardiac tests within the department

nonmaleficence

duty to not do harm

Beneficence

duty to promote good and act in the best interest of the patient

Difference between expressed and implied consent?

expressed: writeen or verbally stated implied: assumed by the pt's actions (ex holding out an arm for BP)

What is considered ultrasound frequency?

greater than 20 kHz

What is M mode?

ice pick view, better resolution M-mode (Motion mode): Captures motion over time, often used for cardiac wall and valve movement. *look at it as: A-mode is data, B-mode is the picture, and M-mode is motion through time.

What is liability?

legal responsibility for ones action or omissions

Describe the difference between supportive communication and social conversation?

social: casual, builds rapport (icebreaker) supportive: goal-oriented and focused on pt care and information exchange

What is portable ultrasound and where is it typically performed?

ultrasound performed outside the echo lab often in patients room, ICU, or procedure areas.

Example of HIPPA violations

1. Leaving patient information on any monitor that can be seen by the public. • 2. Talking about a patient or the patient's findings in a public area, even if you do not mention the patient's name. • 3. Leaving patient information on an image that is presented to your classmates, teachers, or coworkers. • 4. Posting about a patient or the patient's condition on social media, even if you do not mention the patient's name. • 5. Discussing patient information with the patient's family member without the patient's

What is the typical frequency range used in diagnostic ultrasound?

2 to 20 MHz

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A compression of the median nerve in the wrist, leading to numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand

What is a subpoena?

A court order requiring a witness to appear and testify or to produce relevant documents

What is a consent form and when is it required?

A legal document signed by the pt (or representative) before a medical procedure, witnessed and filed in the chart

What is a preliminary sonography report?

A summary of technical findings created by the sonographer, identifying and possible abnormalities but not finalized

What is B mode?

B-mode (Brightness mode): Two-dimensional grayscale image used in most diagnostic imaging. *look at it as: A-mode is data, B-mode is the picture, and M-mode is motion through time.

Why is it important to explain risks, benefits, and your role before a TEE?

Because it promotes informed consent and builds patient trust, while ensuring safety and legal compliance ***It is our duty

What are universal precautions and why are they important?

They are infection control practices -- masks, gloves, gowns, goggles -- to prevent exposure to bloodborne pathogens(mandated by OSHA)

Why are negative traits - arguing, interrupting, dishonesty, false reassurance -- problematic ?

They damage trust and undermine therapeutic relationships *** professional communication is based on honesty, empathy, and clarity

What is a tort?

Wrongful act (other than breach of contract) for which the law provides a remedy Ex. assault, battery, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy)