midterm

endocrine glands

- are ductless glands - organs of the endocrine system - secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream - help maintain homeostasis

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood

55

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption?

Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood

Which is NOT correct regarding growth hormone (GH)?

GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava?

SA node

Which are differences between cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue? a: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is less extensive. b: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is more organized. c: Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs; skeletal muscle does not. d: Cardiac muscle has 1 or 2 nuclei per cell; skeletal muscle has multiple nuclei per cell. e: Cardiac muscle has more well-defined terminal cisternae.

a, c, d

Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart.

a, d, e

Which are found in the capillary wall? a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular cleftse: External elastic laminaf: Basement membrane

a, d, f

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly

The immunity that occurs as a result of a vaccination is _________ immunity.

active

An individual's hematocrit would vary with

age, sex, altitude

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

albumin

Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes

an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

anterior pituitary

An immunoglobulin is a(n)

antibody, which is a protein molecule

inflammation is a(n)

antigen-specific process that occurs in vascularized tissue

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

aortic semilunar valve

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary

are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive

The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n)

artery

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

basophil

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient?

blood calcium will drop

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body.

capillaries

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

cholesterol

The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the

common iliac arteries

The disease called ___________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."

cushing syndrome

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

decrease

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of

diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration

Peripheral resistance is

directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

erythrocytes

During ventricular contraction, the semilunar valves close in order to permit the blood to enter the large arterial trunks that carry blood away from the heart

false

Like PTH, calcitonin increases blood calcium levels.

false

Lymph nodes

filter lymph

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

found on the surface of erythrocytes

Most of the calcium that triggers contraction of cardiac muscle comes

from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

glucagon

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

hematopoiesis

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to

increase

Exercise causes a(n) _______ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) ________ in GH levels.

increase ; increase

Thyroid hormone's effects are to

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells

Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure

increases

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

ingested or inhaled

Nonspecific immunity is another name for

innate immunity

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

insulin

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

insulin

A portal system

is one in which circulation to a large organ involves only one artery and one main (portal)vein

Atrial contraction occurs just before

isovolumic contraction

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

lipid - soluble hormone

Which cells resemble basophils and are found in connective tissue, close to small blood vessels?

mast cells

Which type of cell produces and secretes antibodies?

memory B lymphocytes

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express

more receptors for sex hormones

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium

Which type of cell responds to multiple antigens?

natural killer cell

Which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis?

natural killer cells

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

negative feedback

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

neutrophil

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

neutrophils

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

none. corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids all are secreted by the adrenal cortex

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure.

opposite

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

ovaries and testes

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces

pancreatic juice

An individual gets a snake bite and goes to the hospital to receive antibodies against the venom. This individual is acquiring

passive immunity

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing

perforin and granzymes

The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________.

posterior ; spleen

The parathyroid glands are located

posterior to the thyroid gland

Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?

pulmonary circuit

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?

regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system includes the left ventricle and aorta?

systemic circuit

Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?

systemic veins

The half-life of a hormone is

the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted.

Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

tissue

Lymphatic capillaries originate in the

tissue spaces between cells

The term "primary lymphoid structure" applies

to the red bone marrow and thymus

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

transportation

It is the contraction of the atria during atrial systole that completes the filling of the ventricles while the ventricles are in diastole.

true

Preload is the stretch of the heart wall as determined by the amount of blood returned by the veins

true

The anterior pituitary is also called the adenohypophysis.

true

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

true

The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles.

true

When follicular cells of the thyroid are stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone (TH), they take up TH precursors from the inside of the follicle, transport and enzymatically modify them within a lysosome, and release TH to the blood.

true

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.

tunica media

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate

Angiotensin II causes

vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst

Blood pressure is lowest in

veins

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

zona fasciculata