midterm
What are the main components of the transactional model of communication? How is this model different than the linear model?
*Revised Linear Model* = Transaction: communicative exchange between participants that constantly send AND receive messages EX: Speaker send message and receiver yawns (receiver is now becoming speaker as well sending their own message through the yawn). - Feedback: verbal/nonverbal: shout out/yawn - Shared Meaning: common understanding with little confusion and few misinterpratations V.S. Linear Model of Communication: Idea that speech was ONE way flow of ideas from speaker to audience. EX: Like speaker injected listeners with his or her ideas as do doctors a patient 1. Source: Person with an idea to express 2. Message: Constituted through Ideas he/she conveys to audience 3. Encode: Source must encode message -he/she chooses... 4. Verbal/nonverbal symbols: express ideas. Verbal: words that source uses Nonverbal: means of making a point without the use of words (hand gestures, eye contact, facial expressions) 5. Channel: How source communicates the encoded message (medium of delivery) EX: Speaker Voice, Microphone, Broadcast, Podcast, etc. 6. Receivers: try to make sense of message by decoding 7. Decode: receivers process the source's verbal and non-verbal symbols and form their own perception of message's meaning 8. Noise aka interference: phenomenon that disrupts communication between source and receiver. Noise may be caused by external source (fleet of jets) (talking)
Aside from demographics, what are the other ways to analyze your audience?
- Seeking common ground: beliefs, values, and experiences that you share with your listeners - Identifying prior exposure: the extent to which they have already heard your message • Has my audience heard this message before? • Has my audience responded positively to the message? • Why did the previous message fail? - Identifying audience disposition • Disposition: their likely attitude toward your message • Sympathetic audience: already holds you in high personal esteem or agrees with your message and will therefore respond favorably to your speech • Hostile audience: opposes your message or you personally and will therefore resist listening to your speech • Neutral audience: audience which has neither negative nor positive opinions about you or your members
What are three techniques one can use to gather information about an audience?
-Survey: a set of written questions that you ask your audience to answer in advance of your speech • ask future audience members direct questions about topics related to your speech - Fixed response questions: such as true/false, multiple choice, or select all that apply questions-give your respondents a set of specific answers to choose from • Useful for gaining concrete insight into an audience's experience with or views on a topic - Scaled questions: measures the intensity of feelings on a given issue by offering a range of fixed responses • Ranges vary
What are the four characteristics of public speaking?
-communication between a speaker and an audience, -audience centered, -emphasizes spoken word, -prepared presentation
What are the benefits and drawbacks of the four modes of delivery?
1. Reading from a Manuscript: You give speech by directly reading from script (typed or handwritten document containing entirety of your speech) - appropriate when speakers need to choose words very carefully. (hear exactly what you want them to hear) - many people use this but now popular to use teleprompters (having more than one helps speaker shift his eyes) 2. Memorizing from a Manuscript: You script word-for-word and present it without looking at notes - no barrier with audience so can maintain eye contact be more natural - BUT can seem stale and the same each time, forgetfulness - avoid using it unless you have effective background it it (actor) 3. Speaking from an Outline: deliver speech by referring to outline you prepared in advance. - preferred method - prepare first with full sentence working outline--- next condense the working outline into speaking outline 4. Impromptu Speaking: you are generating speech content in the moment without time to prepare in advance - common + challenging - EX: called to speak in meeting -TO Think= 1). what is he question or topic 2). what is my view on it 3). how do i support my position
Absolutism Ethics
A code of behavior that a person adheres to in all circumstances
Style
A speaker's choice of language that best expresses his or her ideas to the audience.
Delivery
A speaker's varied and appropriate use of vocal and nonverbal elements, such as voice, hand gestures, eye contact, and movement.
relaxation strategies
A technique that can be performed before giving a speech to help relieve muscle tension and banish negative thoughts. Relaxation strategies include deep breathing and tensing and releasing one's muscles.
How do you present your research in your speech?
APA 1. Thoroughly document all your sources. 2. Present evidence in claim-source-support order. 3. Use evidence in a supporting role. 4. Paraphrase responsibly.
What elements should you include on a working outline?
An outline that contains full sentences or detailed phrases of all the main points, subpoints, and sub-subpoints in a speech. It also is referred to as a detailed outline or preparation outline.
Understand the 5 components of a good introduction IN ORDER
Attention getter thesis credibility show audience what's in it for them preview main points
What are the five organizational patterns listed in the chapter? When is it most appropriate to use each specific pattern?
Chronological - time based Spatial - location and geographt Causal - cause and effect Comparison - organizes the speech around major similarities and differences Categorical (Topical) - diverse set of main points
What are the steps in selecting your main points?
Consider Your Purpose Take Your Audience Into Account Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points
How does diversity influence public speaking?
Culture: values, traditions, rules for living that are passed from generations. Influences all aspects of person's life. - As a speaker important to relate to people from diverse backgrounds - Success determined by how well you can communicate with diversity - Sensitive to members backgrounds Worldview: lens through which he/she sees and interprets reality. Influences how listeners respond to a speaker's message.
What are the five techniques for informing?
Definition Explanation Description Demonstration Narrative
Public speaking is usually a prepared presentation:
Don't get to podium and make up their talk as they go! Best choose in advance, consider what they will say about topic, and then select ideas for audience their addressing. They organize ideas, practice, and then present.
Coordination
Each main point is coordinate with other main points—that is, they are at the same level of significance—just as subpoints are coordinate with other subpoints, and so on.
What are the six types of supporting materials?
Examples Definitions Testimony Statistics Narratives Analogies
What are the components of nonverbal delivery skills?
Eye contact Gestures Physical movements Proxemics Personal Appearance
Rhetorical Purposes
Informing: Increasing your audience's understanding or awareness of your subject Persuading: Trying to influence your audience's beliefs or actions with respect to your subject Marking a special occasion: Commemorating events, such as graduations, memorial services, weddings, awards ceremonies, and holidays
How is the Internet best used as a research tool?
Internet research allows you convenient access to information on nearly any topic without leaving your desk. Even better, many libraries offer access to full-text periodical and newspaper indexes from remote location
What are Cicero's five classical canons of rhetoric?
Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery
What is the primary responsibility of an ethical speaker?
Must make decisions about what information to include and how it will influence audience. • Make choices about: o Language o Tone of Voice o How aspects of presentation will affect listeners
What does an internal, ORAL, and reference citation look like?
Name of author year written place
What are the five types of informative speeches?
Objects Individuals or Groups Events Processes Ideas
What is plagiarism? How can you be sure to avoid it?
Plagiarism: presenting another person's words or idea as if they were your own Acknowledge the work of others= 1. Quoting From a Source: 2. Common Knowledge
How do speakers manage speech anxiety?
Prepare Early and Follow a Plan imagined interaction: The mental delivery of a speech to an audience. The speaker practices delivering a speech silently and pictures a positive interaction with the audience (such as applause). Take Care of Yourself Visualize Success relaxation strategies Volunteer to Speak First Never Defeat Yourself
What are the four techniques for developing a set of potential topics and how do they work?
Research • General magazines or newspapers are good sources of current events • Provide ideas for topics • Libraries • The ideas you generate through research not only serve as potential speech topics themselves, but can also serve as starting points for other topic selection strategies Brainstorming • List every idea that comes to mind • Goal is develop a sizable list of topics quickly • Consider interests and experiences, issues you care about, organizations you belong to, people you admire, events you find significant, places you have been, and lessons about life you have found important Word association • Start by listening one potential topic, then write whatever comes to mind when you think about that first idea • Enables your mind to function somewhat like a search engine Mind Mapping • Write down a word or phrase in the middle of a large piece of blank paper, and then surround it with words and images representing other ideas that come to you • Use of multiple colors, pictures, and symbols
What are the four situational characteristics of a speech situation?
Size Time Location Mobility
How do you draft a rhetorical purpose, specific purpose statement, and thesis statement?
Specific purpose: the objective of your speech •Concise phrase • Start with a phrase expressing your rhetorical purpose ("to inform," "to persuade") • Then follow with those words language indicating what you want to accomplish in our speech • Use specific purpose to guide which ideas you should develop in your speech
Public speaking emphasizes the spoken word:
Spoken word plays central role in speaker's message. Speakers use body movements to heighten the impact of their WORDS.
What are the principles for organizing your supporting materials?
Subordination and Coordination
strong attention getters
Tell a Story or an Anecdote. Offer a Striking or Provocative Statement Build Suspense Let Listeners Know You're One of Them. Use Humor Ask a Rhetorical Question Provide a Quotation
Situational Ethics
The belief that ethical behavior can be informed by a person's circumstances, especially when those circumstances are extreme or unusual
Arrangement
The effective organization of ideas to present them to an audience.
imagined interaction
The mental delivery of a speech to an audience. The speaker practices delivering a speech silently and pictures a positive interaction with the audience (such as applause).
Memory
The process of preparing and practicing a speech to ensure confident and effective delivery. Although this canon originally referred to learning a speech by heart, today using notes and other memory aids is usually preferred.
Invention
The use of a variety of techniques and sources to gather and choose ideas for a speech. It is one of the five classical canons of rhetoric.
Why should you use supporting materials in your speech?
They build audience interest in your topic, enhance audience understanding of your ideas, and help audience members remember your presentation. In addition, they convince the audience that your points have merit and breathe life into your speech.
Understand the tactics available for clinchers
Tie Your Clincher to the Introduction Highlight Your Thesis Conclude with an Emotional Message End with a Story or an Anecdote
What are the components of vocal delivery skills?
Volume Tone Rate Projection Articulation Pronunciation Pausing
What elements should you include on a speaking outline?
a short outline that expresses your ideas in brief phrases, key words, or abbreviations rather than in complete sentences or detailed phrases. You will use this outline when you actually deliver your speech.
linear model of communication
communication process that involves a sender who encodes a message and sends it through a channel where it competes with distracting forces called noise while on its way to a receiver who then decodes the message
Subordination
creating a hierarchy of points and their supporting materials in your speech. Thus, main points are the most important (or highest) level of subordination, and supporting materials used to develop a main point (called subpoints) are subordinate to that main point. (There should be at least two subpoints to support each main point.)
What is the difference between ethical and legal speech?
ethical speech: Language that incorporates ethical decision making, follows guidelines to tell the truth, and avoids misleading the audience. legally protected speech: The expression of any opinion in public without censorship by the government. When speakers use legal protection as a guiding principle for a speech—telling or withholding information based on whether the law allows it—they can technically stay within the bounds of what is lawful but still speak unethically.
How do you select the most credible sources by examining the four characteristics of a source's credibility?
expertise, objectivity, observational capacity, and recency.
Common Knowledge
information widely know and disseminated in many sources = don't need to cite EX: apple is a red fruit...duh! BUT apple is (statistics) then cite!
Transactional Model of Communication
recognizes that we simultaneously send and receive messages; cyclical model of the communication process
Paraphrasing
relating authors ideas i own words. Hard to not do sometimes so always quote sources **If you're using most or all of original material but simply rearrange it = paraphrasing= plagiarism"
Know the uses and differences between transitions and sign posts.
sign post - a word or phrase within a sentence that helps your audience understand your speech's structure. first, next, last, transitions - a sentence that indicates you are moving from one part of your speech to the next.
What are the two major approaches to ethics?
situational absolutism
Public speaking is audience centered
speaker chooses message with audience interests in mind (topic appropriate for audience in particular occasion)
Communication between a speaker and an audience
speaker does majority of talking but audience does respond! (Smile doesn't look puzzled) *talented speakers recognize signals SO modify their message (clarifying) take notice*
Be able to identify the 3 components of a good conclusion IN ORDER
transition, summarize main points, good clincher
Verbal Fillers vs. Verbal Tics
verbal fillers - um and uh common vocal tics being throat clearing, sniffing, or grunting
What are the two types of outlines?
working and speaking
How do demographics influence the way audiences might response to a message?
you can better anticipate their beliefs about your topic, their willingness to listen to your message, and their likely responses Age Gender Composition Sexual orientation Race and Ethnicity Religious Orientation Socioeconomic Background Political Affiliation
