Midterm, AP psych

Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's view of cognitive development?

A child gains knowledge of the world by interacting socially and collaboratively with parents, teachers, and other members of the community

According to the levels of processing theory, who will be able to remember the most definitions of the vocabulary words in a given chapter?

Pat, who takes turns with her roommate defining and explaining each term.

Contemporary Psychology is best defined as the scientific study of

Behavior and mental processes

After learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs. Mariah began too grossly overestimate the nation unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of

availability heuristic

According to Piaget's theory, cognitive abilities develop through regular stages. This idea is a classic example of ____ approach.

discontinuity

Shortly after receiving a traffic ticket for speeding, Fred made numerous hostile comments to his wife about the incompetence of women drivers. Fred's comments illustrate most clearly the defense mechanism of

displacement

One of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia includes

hallucinations

As he attempted to spell the word receive, Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c." Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of

heuristics

Positive reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding and negative reinforcers ____ the rate of operant responding

increase; increase

Sperman's g factor refers to

a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks

Gender role refers to

a set of expected behaviors for males and females

What is a trait?

a stable personality characteristic

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's

absolute threshold

When presented with new information that requires an individual to revise his or her beliefs, and individual most clearly illustrates the process of

accommodation

Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's

accumulated knowledge and information

____ is a neurotransmitter that is found at the neuromuscular junction, in the autonomic nervous system, and in the central nervous system.

acetylcholine

The final exam in a calculus course would be and example of a(n) ______ test.

achievement

Researcher's condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light repeatedly paring the light with electrick shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to a light is established and gradually strengthened is called

acquisition

The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a (n)

action potential

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?

activation-synthesis theory

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

adaptive value of conscious thought and the purpose of the mind

If you stub your toe on the dresser while getting up in the morning, ______ must first relay the messages from your tow to your central nervous system.

afferent neurons

The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of

assimilation

The emotional bonding linking an infant to a parent or caregiver is called

attachment

Psychologist describe child-rearing rules in which rules are imposed without explanation as a(n) ____ style.

authoritarian

The Albertsons establish and enforce rules for their children to follow. They give reasons for the rules and invite their teenagers to join in the discussion when new rules are being made. Psychologists would characterize the Albertsons as ____ parents

authoritative

Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self are called ____ memories.

autobiographical

Putting on your coat when it's cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by

negative reinforcement

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called:

neurotransmitters

After class, Anita and Bev make plans to study for their psychology exam together but cannot decide on a time or location. In addition, Anita realizes that she left her phone in her apartment. Anita and Bev agree that it is easiest to meet a Bev's dorm. Bev gives Anita her room number and pass code. Anita likely will be able to retain this information in short-term memory, without additioninal processing, for

no more than 30 seconds

An implicit memory is also known as a(n) ____.

nondeclarative memory

Lisa attempts to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket. This suggests that Lisa has developed a sense of

object permanence

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates

observational learning

Repeatedly thinking about your own death is to ________ as repeatedly washing your hands is to ________.

obsession; compulsion

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)

myelin sheath

Consuela stands in front of her American History class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a "sleep attack" referred to as

narcolepsy

Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of:

top-down processing

Research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) suggests that it may have limited value as a predictor of future job performance. Such criticisms question this assessment's

validity

The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on

vestibular sense

Elliot is less likely to cheat on his math exam after observing his older sister Emily get her car keys taken away for cheating on her AP Psychology exam. This example best illustrates

vicarious punishment

When there is a conflict between bits of information received by two or more senses, which sense tends to dominate the others?

vision

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of

visual perception

Based upon how our brain functions using neurons and neurotransmitter, it seems most likely that explicit, declarative memories (like episodic or semantic) are "encoded" how?

pattern

According to Piaget, schemas are

people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences

The ______ lies above the medulla and contains structures involved with the management of

pons; sleep, arousal, and facial expressions

A psychological condition marked by an inability to recognize faces is called

prosopagnosia

Compared with other cultures, how do Americans tend to differ in their odor organization?

Americans tend to find body odor offensive

One of the earliest attempts to categorize personality traits came from Allport & Odbert (1936), who identified 4,500 terms in the dictionary that related to personality. Later, statistical methods were used by Cattell to reduce these words to a list of ___ personality traits.

16

Sasha has a mild intellectual disability. She has achieved the equivalent of a fifth-grade education and will soon begin vocational training so that she can earn a living. Sasha's intelligence score is most likely between

50 and 69

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

90 minutes

The arrival of a(n) ____ causes synaptic vesicles to be released from their protein anchors, allowing the vesicles to the fuse with the cell membrane and release ____ into the synaptic cleft.

Action potential: neurotransmitters

Baby Asha is sitting on the floor when her older brother sits down next to her. He takes her favorite stuffed horse out of her hands, holds it up, and then puts it behind his back. Within just a few seconds, Asha begins to cry. Her brother hands her back the horse, which stops the crying, but he doesn't understand why she didn't just look behind his back for the toy. What would be the reason for this?

Asha is in Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development and has not yet mastered object permanence.

Under the spreading activation model, which of the following concepts or properties would have the weakest connection with the word "rose" for most people?

Aunt

Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?

Bandura

Jack is terrified of germs and feels compelled to bathe at least 10 times every day. His therapist suggest that Jack continues his manipulative bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety of many pas occasions. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ____ perspective.

Behavioral

The perspective that investigates the connection between environmental stimuli and observable responses is

Behaviorism

Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ____ perspective on depression.

Biological

Dr. Mclnosh emphasizes that depression often involves interactive negative perceptions, rejection from peers, and low serotonin levels. Dr. Mclntosh's emphasis best illustrates.

Biopsychosocial

Which is an example of top-down processing in the perception of speech

Brie's father yells, "Take out the ...."; before he can finish his sentence, Brie jumps up from the couch to take out the garbage.

While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, "Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday dear David, Happy birthday to...." Your tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects which of the following Gestalt principles of organization?

Closure

Critics of Dissociative Disorders argue

DID is a matter of vulnerable patients who are suggestible and have symptoms that arise after therapy begins____DID is a disorder created by therapist in a particular social context (therapist "go fishing" for multiple personalities)___DID is culturally dominant in North America; however, rarely experienced elsewhere in the world

How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways?

Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before reaching the cortex

Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?

EEG

Aristotle and Locke affirmed the importance of

Experience

Mary's mother is a doctor. When Mary was only 5 her mother bought her a playschool Stethoscope and thermometer. When asked what she was going to do after high school graduation, Mary claimed she was going to go to school to become a doctor. According to Marcia, Mary is most likely in which identity stage?

Foreclosure

A protective personality test provide an ambiguous stimulus onto which the test taker "projects" his or her personality. This is based on

Freudian theory

Which of the following is an example of the autonomic nervous system at work?

Gina salivates at the smell of fresh bread baking in her grandmother's kitchen

Many people would find it more morally repulsive to kill someone by thrusting a knife into his or her body than by shooting him or her with a gun from a distance. This is best explained in terms of

Haidt's social intuitionist theory

What distinguishes a neuron from most other cell types?

It has specialized features for sending and receiving messages.

What is the purpose of a sensory homunculus?

It shows how areas of the body are represented in the primary somatosensory cortex on the basis of sensitivity

Isabella is a judge at the campus's annual Fine Foods Fair. She has an excellent palate and is able to easily distinguish between the four major categories of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) as well as the fifth, less familiar category of taste known by the

Japanese term umami

Which of the following is a nondeclarative memory?

Juan feels happy when he smells the scent of the perfume that his mother wore.

Cognitive development is to Jean Piaget as moral development is to _____.

Lawrence Kohlberg

The increased connection that form between 2 neurons which includes the growth of a new axon terminals and dendrite receptor cites, seems to be the foundation for the biological mechanism of memory. This is called:

Long-term potentiation

Over the last few years, Mr. Helmus has been obsessed with bizarre thoughts and has become increasingly agitated and socially withdrawn. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for assessing the nature and severity of his symptoms?

MMPI

Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?

Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoding into long-term memory.

The sodium and potassium channels in the outer membrane of a neuron were blocked, what would be the consequence?

Many chemicals would not be able to move into and out if the neuron, disrupting communications

The sodium and potassium channels in the outer membrane of a neuron were blocked, what would be the consequence?

Many chemicals would not be able to move into and out of the neuron, disrupting communication

The letter B and the number 13 might appear to be very similar; in fact, the only real difference between them is the space between the left and the right sides of each figure. Who would be most likely to describe this different as being caused by the context of the letters or numbers that come before and after the image?

Max, who is a Gesalt psychologist

Peter is trying to decide which college is best for him. Her has spent hours researching schools online and has scheduled numerous college visits. Although Peter has a decent idea where he wants to attend school, he still has not made up his mind where to go. According to Marcia, Peter is in which identity stage?

Moratorium

To remember the Big Five traits, use the acronym

OCEAN

Which of the following is true of mental images?

People can turn visual mental images around in their minds, zoom in or out, and identify their features.

Professor McClure believes that young children are frequently able to make morally correct decisions because humans are endowed with an inborn knowledge of basic ethical principles. The professor's belief is most consistent with the views of

Plato

Mahatma Gandhi employed nonviolent civil disobedience in his efforts towards India's independence from foreign powers. His belief reflected the idea that there are standards of right and wrong that are higher than rules created humans. These actions reflect Kohlberg's stage of ____ morality?

Postconventional

​Tinesha comes into her Introduction to Psychology class on the first day of the semester and sees a man wearing blue jeans and a T-shirt sitting at the front of class. She does not say anything to him, and assumes that he is just someone sitting in the room. When more students show up and the man doesn't leave, Tinesha starts to wonder if he is going to cause a problem. When he stands up and says, "Hello everyone, I'm Dr. Lawrence and I will be teaching your psychology class this semester," Tinesha starts to wonder if this will be a good class. Tinesha's perception of Dr. Lawrence is probably affected by the fact that he does not represent a common _______, or average "image," of a college professor.

Prototype

Jake has had a troubled past. He had a difficult time getting along with his parents as a child and today he still holds much hostility towards his parents. He thinks he might be holding a longstanding grudge against them, but he cannot remember what it is. What field of psychology would be most interested in getting to the root of Jake's troubled childhood?

Psychoanalytical/dynamic

Ross is a psychologist, whereas Rachel is a psychiatrist. Thus, which of the following is MOST likely to be true?

Rachel has earned a medical degree

Of the following, who best illustrates Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence?

Selma, a fifth-grader who solves complicated mathematical problems in record time

Which theory would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower your absolute threshold for sound as you subsequently tried to fall asleep

Signal detection theory

Wilhelm Wundt's student, Edward Titchener, developed an approach in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience. What was this called?

Structuralism

Which statement best describes the relationship between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

The central nervous system is the command center; the peripheral nervous system carries out the commands

Jeremy is typing a term paper on his computer and saves it every five minutes, just to be safe. How does the computer's memory store this file differently than Jeremy's memory?

The computer receives the information and stores an identical copy of the information.

Based upon how our brain functions using neurons and neurotransmission, it seems most likely that explicit, declarative memories (like episodic or semantic) are "encoded" how?

The information of a memory is stored in a pattern of neuronal firing, and the pattern triggers the memory

What is an accurate statement regarding interneurons found in the central nervous system?

They form bridges between sensory and motor neurons

What is the basis for the effectiveness of the method of loci?

We form excellent representations of visual images in memory.

Jerry's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Jerry's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates

Weber's law

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ________ theory.

Young-Helmoltz

Dr. McIntosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self-focused rumination, rejection from others, and low serotonin levels. Dr. McIntosh's emphasis best illustrates

a biopsychosocial approach

An integrated understanding of pain control in terms of mental distraction, the release of endorphins, and the presence of empathic caregivers is most clearly provided by

a biosychosocial approach

Sadie is so fearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety that she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she has her groceries delivered. Because of her fear, she earns her living as a freelance writer, working at home. Sadie's behavior is most characteristic of

agoraphobia

One of the most damaging teratogens is

alcohol

The Thematic Apperception Test requires people to respond to

ambiguous pictures

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:

an algorithm

Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development.

anal

Marguerite, a first-year doctoral student, scrutinizes the neural tissue that she prepared for study under her microscope. She knows from experience that the areas that look gray have a high density of cell bodies, while the areas that look white consist of large bundles of myelinated ____.

axons

Jack is terrified of germs and feels compelled to bathe 10 time a day. His therapist suggests that jack continues his maladaptive bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. The therapists suggestion most directly reflects a _____ perspective

behavioral

Despite the overwhelming evidence that the world is in fact round, there are some people who insist the world is flat. These people are best demonstrating the concept of

belief perseverance

After George learned that Mrs. Min suffered from schizophrenia, he mistakenly concluded that her tendencies to laugh easily and smile frequently were symptoms of her disorder. This best illustrates the

biasing issues of diagnostic labels

After Anika learned that her history professor had suffered an anxiety disorder, she concluded that the professor's tendency to talk loudly was simply a way of disguising feelings of personal insecurity. This best illustrates the

biasing power of diagnostic labels

Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits?

biopsychosocial

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionary oldest to newest is

brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

circadian rhytum

The belief that Harry Potter, Jesus, Neo (from the matrix), buddha and even Rama ( Hindu hero of virtue from the Ramayana) or evidence of a hero archetype that exists in all cultures because it is part of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

called the collective unconscious

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" refers to the

capacity of short-term memory

Mr. Roberts spends the vast majority of his days sitting passively in a motionless stupor. Psychologist would say he most likely suffers from

catatonia

Police Officer Amy Randall suspects that the driver of a car in front of her is driving under the influence of alcohol. She pulls the driver over and administers a field sobriety test. She asks the driver to stand on one leg so that she can evaluate the driver's balance. This test is performed because the _____ is one of the first structures in the brain to be affected by alcohol.

cerebellum

The _____ is a structure that is part of the brainstem and is involved in maintaining balance and motor coordination. This is one of the first structures of the brain to be impacted by alcohol.

cerebellum

According to the text, learning involves

change in behavior due to experience

What type of stimuli are responsible for olfaction and gustation?

chemical

Will is 10 years old and preparing for a spelling contest. He is starting to memorize the spelling of the word antidisetablishmentarianism. He realizes that he can group the letters into anti, dis, establish, and so forth. this process is called

chunking

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

circadian rhythm

The retina is to the eye as the ______ is to the ear

cochlea

What structure of the ear contains the auditory receptors

cochlea

Piaget is best known for his interest in the process of ________ development.

cognitive

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

cognitive processes

Professor Thompson's research focuses on the impact of prototypes on the speed of object recognition and identification. Which specialty area does this research best represent?

cognitive psychology

Human factors psychologist would be most likely to aid in the design of

computer keyboards

When we use the word "drill" to refer to a category of power tools, we are using this word as a(n)

concept

Luis is 10 years old. he is becoming quite good at arguing with his parents over such topics as what his bedtime should be and whether he has eaten enough of his diner to have dessert. he loves toys and projects that income hands-on learning, but cannot yet handle abstract concepts. according to Piaget, Luis is in the ____ state of cognitive.

concrete operations stage

If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a(n)

conditioned response

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

cones

Mr. Vasquez, who was skeptical about the effectiveness of introducing more technology into his classroom, takes careful note every time a student's laptop doesn't work. Paying attention to this evidence, while ignoring all the times the student's laptops function properly best illustrates

confirmation bias

Contemporary psychologist are least likely to agree with Freud's belief that

conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of

conscientiousness

Functionalists were interested in the role of _____ in dealing with the problems of everyday living.

consciousness

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by

context effects

When Rick learned that many students had received a failing grade on the midterm exam, he was no longer disappointed by his C grade. His experience best illustrates the importance of:

context effects

The perception of the letter "t" as two intersecting lines rather than as four nonintersecting lines illustrates the principle of

continuity

Even though smoking marijuana would reduce the pain associated with her chronic medical condition, Juanita believes it would be morally wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Kohlberg would suggest that Juanita demonstrates a(n) _______ morality.

conventional

The nerve fibers that enable communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres and that have been severed in split-brain patients form a structure called the

corpus callosum

Ellen, an English speaking college student, was assigned to work in Tanzania for the Peace Corps. When attempting to learn Swahili, she struggles significantly more than when she learned Spanish in grade school. This best illustrates the importance of _______ for mastering language.

critical period

Colin believes that he is the president of the United States and that he will soon become the "King of the Universe." Colin is most clearly suffering from

delusions

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, and electrical signal travels from the ____ of a single neuron.

dendrites to the cell body to the axon to the terminal branches

A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachments is a symptom of

depersonalization

The under supply of serotonin is most closely linked to

depression

Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.

describing; explaining

Sensation is to___ as perception is to_______.

detection; interpretation

A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM 5 in order to ________ various psychological disorders

diagnose

Paul is a senior in high school and doesn't have a clue what he wants to do in the fall. Not only does Paul not know where he wants to go, he doesn't really car. According to Marcia, Paul is most likely in which identity stage?

diffusion

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?

dilation of the pupil

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

diminish immunity to disease

As a child, Monica was criticized severely by her mother for not living up to her expectations. This criticism was always followed by a beating with a whip. As an adult, Monica is generally introverted and extremely shy. Sometimes, however, she acts more like a young child, throwing tantrums if she doesn't get her way. At other times, she is a flirting, happy-go-lucky young lady. Most likely, Monica is suffering from:

dissociative identity disorder

Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on

divergent thinking

Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for

dopamine

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is

dreaming

Ongoing patterns of behavior that interfere with normal day-to-day life are best characterized as

dysfunctional

which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve

eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

egocentrism

Doris is memorizing some chapter definitions for an economics quiz. For each defined term, she repeats the definition and uses the term in a sentence. She is engaging in ____.

elaborative rehearsal

The heart begins to beat during the ________ period of prenatal development.

embryonic

When Mrs. McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Mrs. McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates

emotional intelligence

The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in

encoding

The process of getting information into memory is called

encoding

What is the correct ordering of the processes of memory?

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of

endorphins

Doris's heart suddenly races as a speeding car nearly collides with hers on the highway. Which neurotransmitter is playing a role in this response?

epinephrine

Matt remembers visiting Disney World and SeaWorld in Florida with his family when he was eight years old. This is an example of ____.

episodic memory

Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

evolutionary

A declarative memory that is accessed in a conscious, direct, and effortful manner is also called a(n) _____.

explicit memory

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

extinction

Leanne's friends love her sixty-year-old mother, Liz, who is very warm and friendly. In fact, Liz encourages Leanne to bring over her friends for cocktail parties or cookouts every weekend she is free (that is, when she's not involved with a book club, painting class, or yoga retreat) The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of his personality is ____.

extroversion

To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits, trait theorists have used the statistical technique known as

factor analysis

Ethan, a 5-year-old with autism spectrum disorder, often rocks back and forth repetitively. He also gets upset if he cannot follow each step of his familiar routines. A possible source of repetitive or ritualistic behavior is ____.

failure to develop a normal theory of mind

When looking at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock, certain brain cells in the visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 o'clock. This is most indicative of

feature detection

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-interval

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-ration; variable-ratio

Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as

fixtation

Alexa is 15 years old. She is very involved in environmental issues, including issues such as the finding alternatives to fossil fuels and the protection of biodiversity on the planet. According to Piaget, Alexa is in the ____ of cognitive development.

formal operations stage

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the impact of

framing

Following a nail gun wound to his head, Jack became more uninhibited, irritable, dishonest, and profane. It is likely that his personality change was the result of injury to his:

frontal lobe

The zipper-pull on Patrick's backpack broke, however Patrick was able to use a paperclip to attach to the zipper and easily unzip his bag. Patrick clearly has overcome the cognitive obstacle of

functional fixedness

After you rough bump part of your body—say your shin or your "funny bone"—into something and experience pain as a result, you may help to decrease that sense of pain by rubbing the injured area. The _______ theory provides some insight as to why rubbing the area helps to lower the pain that you feel.​

gate theory

A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a

gene

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates

generalization

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

generalization

Raul, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Raul most likely suffers from a(n)

generalized anxiety disorder

A traumatic experience may trigger a lasting phobia in a child with a sensitive, high-strung temperament. The same experience, however, may have no long-term impact on a child with a more relaxed temperament. This best illustrates the role of _____ in the development of phobias.

genetic predisposition

Christopher suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. Since the accident, he has great difficulty in forming new memories but remembers his childhood well, which suggests that his ____ was damaged.

hippocampus

Martin has a very stunning memory of virtually everything that has happened to him since he was 4 years of age. He remembers the weather on his 6th birthday, the baseball card he got when he was 11 years old, and the color of the eyes of the girl who sat next to him in his 6th grade classroom. Martin remembers all of these details despite the fact that he is 53 years of age. Martin has a condition called ______.

hyperthymesia

The ____ is a subcortical structure that participates in the regulation of thirst, temperature, hunger, sexual behavior, and aggression

hypothalamus

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his

id

Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing

identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart

In Erikson's work, a consistent, unified sense of self is called

identity

In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beat up a Bobo doll

imitated the adults' actions

In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use:

immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers

Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. As a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. Jerry most clearly suffered

inattentional blindness

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by

inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules

A well-known local herbalist sells the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as "the body's natural tranquilizer," stating that it helps to calm the central nervous system and prevent anxiety and stress-related messages from reaching the motor centers of the brain. This portrayal reflects GABA's

inhibitory effect on brain activity

An all-or-none response pattern is characteristic of the

initiation of neural impulses

After 12 months of age Jeremy shows no more desire to be help by his own parents than by complete strangers. His behavior best illustrates

insecure attachment

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

insight

The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called

introspective

generalized anxiety disorder is a condition characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that

is not correlated with particular objects or situations

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

it's underlying and censored meaning

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

its underlying but censored meaning

With her eyes closed, Sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of

kinesthesis

Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. With respect to tone sensitivity, Maria apparently has a ________ threshold than does Jennifer.

larger difference

When Violette gets mad, she stops, slams doors, screams, and throws toys. In order to try and help her when she gets mad, her parents try to take 4 deep breaths, count to 10, and talk calmly. Violette's parents are attempting to use what technique to help change her "anger" behavior?

latent learning modeling

Jack is obsessed with avoiding germs and feels compelled to bathe at least 10 times every day. His therapist suggest that Jack continues his maladaptive bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a _______ perspective.

learning

A time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately

locating sounds

The final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model refers to the location of permanent memories. This is a ___ memory

long-term

A high-amplitude, high frequency sound wave is perceived as

loud and high-pitched

Stephen has just finished composing his first poem, entitled Clouded Memories, for his poetry slam class. He is slated to recite the first ten lines during class tonight, and repeats them over and over to himself as he is walking there. This is called ____.

maintenance rehersal

Christopher was thrown from a horse and is no longer able to breath on his own. It is most likely that Christopher has suffered damage to which structure of the brain?

medulla

Bright light inhibits our feelings of sleepiness by influencing the production of

melatonin

The major characteristic of dissociative disorders is a disturbance of

memory

Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is

mental ability to learn from experience

For years, any time Maria became anxious she would clean her apartment and the act of cleaning helped calm her nerves. Recently, however, Maria has been anxious and cleaning her apartment is no longer therapeutic. Maria feels lost, and can't think of any way to help relieve her anxiety. Maria is clearly struggling from

mental set

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the

middle ear

We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to

mirror neurons

Rods are

more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.

Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?

motor cortex

Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Daryl is a painter and poet. His work often portrays fantasy images that evoke strong emotion. He loves to travel, particularly in Asia, to view the art at sacred sites and learn about local culture. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of Daryl's personality is ____.

openness

Learning associations between one's own personal behavior and resulting events is to ______ as learning association between events one doesn't control is to _____.

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

A drug that blocks the reuptake of a particular neurotransmitter is called a(n)

opiate

Behaviorist, including B. F. Skinner, argued that children learn language through

opperant conditioning

While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from

panic attack

While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from a(n)

panic attack

small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are referred to as

papillae

A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers illustrates the importance of

parallel processing

The ___ cortex in the brain contains the primary somatosensory cortex which, among other jobs, processes one's perception of touch.

parietal

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of

perceptual adaptation

After watching a scary television movie, Julie perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence of

perceptual set

Ashley is a senior in high school. Her parents enjoy her company and have an "open door" policy where her friends are concerned. They are fine with her friends drinking and smoking in the basement as long as one person refrains as the designated driver. Their parenting style is ____.​

permissive

Four-year-old John is very competitive with his father in trying to gain more attention from his mother. Freud would have suggested that John is going through the ____ stage of development.

phallic

Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.

phallic

Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from a(n)

phobia

The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a "b" and an "t" produce words such as bat, bet, bit, and but. these various vowel sounds represent different

phonemes

The four components of working memory proposed by Baddeley et al. are called the central executive, the episodic buffer, the visuospatial sketch pad, and the _____ loop.

phonological

Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the

pinna

The master gland of the endocrine system is the

pituitary gland

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain

plasticity

Following a head injury, a person has ongoing difficulties staying awake. Most likely, the damage occurred to the

pons

Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered

positive punishment

Henry disapproves of stealing jelly beans from his sister's Easter basket because he thinks his mother will spank him if he does. Henry best represents a ________ morality.

preconventional

Aptitude test are specifically designed to

predict ability to learn a new skill

Infant monkeys raised with a nourishing wire mother and a nonnourishing cloth mother

preferred the nonnourishing cloth mother

When is Piaget's name of development that begins at the age of 2 years and ends at the age of 6 years and is characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically.

preoperational stage

Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a _____.

previous stimulus

The taste of food and the termination of painful electric shock are both ______ reinforces

primary

The body structures that enable reproduction are the

primary sex characteristics

After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized in the morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference

An implicit memory for how to carry out a skilled movement is called ____.

procedural memory

Accommodation refers to the

process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus on the retina

chunking is the ___.

process of grouping similar or meaningful info together

Rona was asked by her psychotherapist to describe what she saw in 10 ambiguous inkblots. Rona was most likely responding to a(n) ________ test.

projective

Because Walter, Donny, and The Dude were all sitting behind the same bowling lane, Jesus perceived the they were all members of the same bowling team. This best illustrates the organizational principle of

proximity

Excess of neural connections in the brains association areas are reduced through a process of

pruning

Myran quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

punishment

As her parents became increasingly more abusive toward her, Amity began, with apparent sincerity, to emphatically express her great admiration for her parents. Amity's behavior illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of

reaction formation

Sheldon goes to the grocery story to buy a few items, and when he gets there he can remember only the last few things he wanted to buy. "I knew I should have written everything down," he says to himself. Sheldon, has illustrated the ____ effect.

recency

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape

Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates

regression

According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is

repression

When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful

retrieval cues

The title of a song is on the tip of Gerald's tongue, be he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerald's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by

retrieval failure

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to

retrieve sticks and balls

After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates

retroactive interference

Junko's grandmother survived a stroke but is paralyzed on her left side. She has likely suffered damage to her

right hemisphere

Branden is so apathetic about his occupational future that within two years of his high school graduation he had already been fired by four different employers. According to Erikson, Branden best illustrates

role confusion

Dr. Lee, a 35-year-old professor, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where is relatives have brought him for treatment. Lee is most likely suffering from

schizophrenia

Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to

secure attachment

While reading a novel, Ramond isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his brothers' loud arguments. This best illustrates

selective attention

When children are told that certain classmates are learned disabled, they may behave in ways that inhibit the success of the students in the classroom. This best illustrates the dangers of

self-fulfilling prophecies

Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include _____.

semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information

The rock musician was HIT with a rotten egg while performing his latest HIT song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of:

semantics

Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage.

sensorimotor

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development=

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates

sensory adaptation

During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of

sensory interaction

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

At your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers, one at a time. As you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting at the beginning. By the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the beginning and the last names you heard. Which of the following best explains your experience?

serial position effect

Consciousness is to unconsciousness as ______ is to ________.

serial processing; parallel processing

A brain tumor caused extensive damage to Mr. Thorndike's hypothalamus. It is most likely that he may suffer a loss of

sexual motivation

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

shaping

Charles was doodling in class when Mr. Cantrell asked him about what he was supposed to be doing next. Luckily for Charles, he could remember what Mr. Cantrell just told the class about "getting out their laptops to start working on their Literature Review." What stage of memory just helped Charles not to look quite so stupid?

short-term memory

Mr. Oates always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from

sleep apnea

Developmental psychologist study physical, cognitive, and ____ changes throughout the human life cycle.

social

Maxine is extremely shy and is so easily embarrassed when she is with other people that she often misses her college classes just to avoid social interactions. Maxine appears to suffer from a(n)

social anxiety disorder

After Miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Broca's area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty

speaking fluently

Ted is seeing a humanistic psychologist for therapy. His psychologist is most likely to focus on

striving for growth and developing potential

When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a

strong ego

No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a

strong superego

A teratogen is a(n)

substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

successive approximations

You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the

sympathetic nervous system

Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to:

tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves

Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your

thalamus

consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the

thalamus

According to Piaget's theory, during the concrete operational stage, a child is still unlikely to demonstrate

the ability to think hypotheitically

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to

the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view

An axon is

the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body

We produce many more synapses than we need, and then retain only those that are used in a "use it or lose it" fashion. What does this demonstrate?

the important role of experience in wiring the brain

What would be a consequence of destroying the corpus callosum?

the left and right cerebral hemispheres would not be able to effectively communicate.

Edward has a fear of being contaminated when shaking hands with others, touching doorknobs, and being in crowded public spaces such as subway cars. He washes his hands roughly 100 times a day. His doctor has recently prescribed an antidepressant to increase his level of serotonin. Which approach to psychological disorders does this exemplify?

the medical model

Melaine, a graduate student working in a neuroscience lab, grows neurons in a petri dish to study the effects of environmental toxins and neuronal communication. During one of Melanie's experiments, she accidentally damages the axon of a neuron. What will be an immediate consequence of this mishap?

the neuron will not be able to transmit information to other cells

Visual conditions such as myopia and hyperopia are due in part to ______ while, astigmatism is a problem with _____

the shape of the eye; shape of the cornea

A morpheme is _____

the smallest component of a speech that carries meaning

According to Freud, the unconscious is

the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.

Chloe can clearly sense when her sister's teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a(n)

theory of mind

What is an important elaboration of Piaget's concept of egocentrism

theory of mind

Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that

there is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the

threshold

Defense mechanisms serve what purpose

to protect the ego from the anxiety of failure

Sigmund Freud is to psychoanalytic perspective as Gordon Allport is to the _____ perspective

trait

Hertiability refers to the extent to which

trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations

The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic

trait dimensions

The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called

transduction

A rare health condition caused damage to the amygdala on both sides of Nina's brain. She is now more likely that most people to

try skydiving

Parenting styles can be divided into 4 categories, which vary along____

two dimensions: parental support and behavioral expectation

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)

unconditioned response

Positive punishment introducing a(n) ____ consequence of a certain behavior, and negative punishment involves withdrawing a(n) _____ consequence of a certain behavior.

undesirable; desirable

Positive punishment involves introducing a(n) ______ consequence of a certain behavior, and negative punishment involves withdrawing a(n) ______ consequence of a certain behavior

undesirable; desirable

Long-term memory is characterized by____.

unlimited duration and unlimited capacity

As Harry walks out of the supermarket, he sees his parked car get hit by another car. He tries to memorize the make, model, and license plate number of the other car. According to Baddeley's model, he is using his working memory's ____.

visuospatial sketchpad

When considering light waves, brightness is to amplitude as hue is to

wavelength

The blind spot is located in the area of the retina

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

What is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously

working memory

When most people stare first at a blue circle and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the circle appears

yellow

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n)

zygote and finally develops into a fetus