Midterm, AP psych
Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's view of cognitive development?
A child gains knowledge of the world by interacting socially and collaboratively with parents, teachers, and other members of the community
According to the levels of processing theory, who will be able to remember the most definitions of the vocabulary words in a given chapter?
Pat, who takes turns with her roommate defining and explaining each term.
Contemporary Psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
Behavior and mental processes
After learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs. Mariah began too grossly overestimate the nation unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of
availability heuristic
According to Piaget's theory, cognitive abilities develop through regular stages. This idea is a classic example of ____ approach.
discontinuity
Shortly after receiving a traffic ticket for speeding, Fred made numerous hostile comments to his wife about the incompetence of women drivers. Fred's comments illustrate most clearly the defense mechanism of
displacement
One of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia includes
hallucinations
As he attempted to spell the word receive, Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c." Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of
heuristics
Positive reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding and negative reinforcers ____ the rate of operant responding
increase; increase
Sperman's g factor refers to
a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
Gender role refers to
a set of expected behaviors for males and females
What is a trait?
a stable personality characteristic
During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's
absolute threshold
When presented with new information that requires an individual to revise his or her beliefs, and individual most clearly illustrates the process of
accommodation
Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's
accumulated knowledge and information
____ is a neurotransmitter that is found at the neuromuscular junction, in the autonomic nervous system, and in the central nervous system.
acetylcholine
The final exam in a calculus course would be and example of a(n) ______ test.
achievement
Researcher's condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light repeatedly paring the light with electrick shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to a light is established and gradually strengthened is called
acquisition
The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a (n)
action potential
Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?
activation-synthesis theory
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
adaptive value of conscious thought and the purpose of the mind
If you stub your toe on the dresser while getting up in the morning, ______ must first relay the messages from your tow to your central nervous system.
afferent neurons
The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of
assimilation
The emotional bonding linking an infant to a parent or caregiver is called
attachment
Psychologist describe child-rearing rules in which rules are imposed without explanation as a(n) ____ style.
authoritarian
The Albertsons establish and enforce rules for their children to follow. They give reasons for the rules and invite their teenagers to join in the discussion when new rules are being made. Psychologists would characterize the Albertsons as ____ parents
authoritative
Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self are called ____ memories.
autobiographical
Putting on your coat when it's cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by
negative reinforcement
The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called:
neurotransmitters
After class, Anita and Bev make plans to study for their psychology exam together but cannot decide on a time or location. In addition, Anita realizes that she left her phone in her apartment. Anita and Bev agree that it is easiest to meet a Bev's dorm. Bev gives Anita her room number and pass code. Anita likely will be able to retain this information in short-term memory, without additioninal processing, for
no more than 30 seconds
An implicit memory is also known as a(n) ____.
nondeclarative memory
Lisa attempts to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket. This suggests that Lisa has developed a sense of
object permanence
Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates
observational learning
Repeatedly thinking about your own death is to ________ as repeatedly washing your hands is to ________.
obsession; compulsion
The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)
myelin sheath
Consuela stands in front of her American History class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a "sleep attack" referred to as
narcolepsy
Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of:
top-down processing
Research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) suggests that it may have limited value as a predictor of future job performance. Such criticisms question this assessment's
validity
The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on
vestibular sense
Elliot is less likely to cheat on his math exam after observing his older sister Emily get her car keys taken away for cheating on her AP Psychology exam. This example best illustrates
vicarious punishment
When there is a conflict between bits of information received by two or more senses, which sense tends to dominate the others?
vision
The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of
visual perception
Based upon how our brain functions using neurons and neurotransmitter, it seems most likely that explicit, declarative memories (like episodic or semantic) are "encoded" how?
pattern
According to Piaget, schemas are
people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences
The ______ lies above the medulla and contains structures involved with the management of
pons; sleep, arousal, and facial expressions
A psychological condition marked by an inability to recognize faces is called
prosopagnosia
Compared with other cultures, how do Americans tend to differ in their odor organization?
Americans tend to find body odor offensive
One of the earliest attempts to categorize personality traits came from Allport & Odbert (1936), who identified 4,500 terms in the dictionary that related to personality. Later, statistical methods were used by Cattell to reduce these words to a list of ___ personality traits.
16
Sasha has a mild intellectual disability. She has achieved the equivalent of a fifth-grade education and will soon begin vocational training so that she can earn a living. Sasha's intelligence score is most likely between
50 and 69
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
90 minutes
The arrival of a(n) ____ causes synaptic vesicles to be released from their protein anchors, allowing the vesicles to the fuse with the cell membrane and release ____ into the synaptic cleft.
Action potential: neurotransmitters
Baby Asha is sitting on the floor when her older brother sits down next to her. He takes her favorite stuffed horse out of her hands, holds it up, and then puts it behind his back. Within just a few seconds, Asha begins to cry. Her brother hands her back the horse, which stops the crying, but he doesn't understand why she didn't just look behind his back for the toy. What would be the reason for this?
Asha is in Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development and has not yet mastered object permanence.
Under the spreading activation model, which of the following concepts or properties would have the weakest connection with the word "rose" for most people?
Aunt
Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?
Bandura
Jack is terrified of germs and feels compelled to bathe at least 10 times every day. His therapist suggest that Jack continues his manipulative bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety of many pas occasions. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ____ perspective.
Behavioral
The perspective that investigates the connection between environmental stimuli and observable responses is
Behaviorism
Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ____ perspective on depression.
Biological
Dr. Mclnosh emphasizes that depression often involves interactive negative perceptions, rejection from peers, and low serotonin levels. Dr. Mclntosh's emphasis best illustrates.
Biopsychosocial
Which is an example of top-down processing in the perception of speech
Brie's father yells, "Take out the ...."; before he can finish his sentence, Brie jumps up from the couch to take out the garbage.
While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, "Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday dear David, Happy birthday to...." Your tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects which of the following Gestalt principles of organization?
Closure
Critics of Dissociative Disorders argue
DID is a matter of vulnerable patients who are suggestible and have symptoms that arise after therapy begins____DID is a disorder created by therapist in a particular social context (therapist "go fishing" for multiple personalities)___DID is culturally dominant in North America; however, rarely experienced elsewhere in the world
How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways?
Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before reaching the cortex
Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?
EEG
Aristotle and Locke affirmed the importance of
Experience
Mary's mother is a doctor. When Mary was only 5 her mother bought her a playschool Stethoscope and thermometer. When asked what she was going to do after high school graduation, Mary claimed she was going to go to school to become a doctor. According to Marcia, Mary is most likely in which identity stage?
Foreclosure
A protective personality test provide an ambiguous stimulus onto which the test taker "projects" his or her personality. This is based on
Freudian theory
Which of the following is an example of the autonomic nervous system at work?
Gina salivates at the smell of fresh bread baking in her grandmother's kitchen
Many people would find it more morally repulsive to kill someone by thrusting a knife into his or her body than by shooting him or her with a gun from a distance. This is best explained in terms of
Haidt's social intuitionist theory
What distinguishes a neuron from most other cell types?
It has specialized features for sending and receiving messages.
What is the purpose of a sensory homunculus?
It shows how areas of the body are represented in the primary somatosensory cortex on the basis of sensitivity
Isabella is a judge at the campus's annual Fine Foods Fair. She has an excellent palate and is able to easily distinguish between the four major categories of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) as well as the fifth, less familiar category of taste known by the
Japanese term umami
Which of the following is a nondeclarative memory?
Juan feels happy when he smells the scent of the perfume that his mother wore.
Cognitive development is to Jean Piaget as moral development is to _____.
Lawrence Kohlberg
The increased connection that form between 2 neurons which includes the growth of a new axon terminals and dendrite receptor cites, seems to be the foundation for the biological mechanism of memory. This is called:
Long-term potentiation
Over the last few years, Mr. Helmus has been obsessed with bizarre thoughts and has become increasingly agitated and socially withdrawn. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for assessing the nature and severity of his symptoms?
MMPI
Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?
Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoding into long-term memory.
The sodium and potassium channels in the outer membrane of a neuron were blocked, what would be the consequence?
Many chemicals would not be able to move into and out if the neuron, disrupting communications
The sodium and potassium channels in the outer membrane of a neuron were blocked, what would be the consequence?
Many chemicals would not be able to move into and out of the neuron, disrupting communication
The letter B and the number 13 might appear to be very similar; in fact, the only real difference between them is the space between the left and the right sides of each figure. Who would be most likely to describe this different as being caused by the context of the letters or numbers that come before and after the image?
Max, who is a Gesalt psychologist
Peter is trying to decide which college is best for him. Her has spent hours researching schools online and has scheduled numerous college visits. Although Peter has a decent idea where he wants to attend school, he still has not made up his mind where to go. According to Marcia, Peter is in which identity stage?
Moratorium
To remember the Big Five traits, use the acronym
OCEAN
Which of the following is true of mental images?
People can turn visual mental images around in their minds, zoom in or out, and identify their features.
Professor McClure believes that young children are frequently able to make morally correct decisions because humans are endowed with an inborn knowledge of basic ethical principles. The professor's belief is most consistent with the views of
Plato
Mahatma Gandhi employed nonviolent civil disobedience in his efforts towards India's independence from foreign powers. His belief reflected the idea that there are standards of right and wrong that are higher than rules created humans. These actions reflect Kohlberg's stage of ____ morality?
Postconventional
Tinesha comes into her Introduction to Psychology class on the first day of the semester and sees a man wearing blue jeans and a T-shirt sitting at the front of class. She does not say anything to him, and assumes that he is just someone sitting in the room. When more students show up and the man doesn't leave, Tinesha starts to wonder if he is going to cause a problem. When he stands up and says, "Hello everyone, I'm Dr. Lawrence and I will be teaching your psychology class this semester," Tinesha starts to wonder if this will be a good class. Tinesha's perception of Dr. Lawrence is probably affected by the fact that he does not represent a common _______, or average "image," of a college professor.
Prototype
Jake has had a troubled past. He had a difficult time getting along with his parents as a child and today he still holds much hostility towards his parents. He thinks he might be holding a longstanding grudge against them, but he cannot remember what it is. What field of psychology would be most interested in getting to the root of Jake's troubled childhood?
Psychoanalytical/dynamic
Ross is a psychologist, whereas Rachel is a psychiatrist. Thus, which of the following is MOST likely to be true?
Rachel has earned a medical degree
Of the following, who best illustrates Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence?
Selma, a fifth-grader who solves complicated mathematical problems in record time
Which theory would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower your absolute threshold for sound as you subsequently tried to fall asleep
Signal detection theory
Wilhelm Wundt's student, Edward Titchener, developed an approach in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience. What was this called?
Structuralism
Which statement best describes the relationship between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?
The central nervous system is the command center; the peripheral nervous system carries out the commands
Jeremy is typing a term paper on his computer and saves it every five minutes, just to be safe. How does the computer's memory store this file differently than Jeremy's memory?
The computer receives the information and stores an identical copy of the information.
Based upon how our brain functions using neurons and neurotransmission, it seems most likely that explicit, declarative memories (like episodic or semantic) are "encoded" how?
The information of a memory is stored in a pattern of neuronal firing, and the pattern triggers the memory
What is an accurate statement regarding interneurons found in the central nervous system?
They form bridges between sensory and motor neurons
What is the basis for the effectiveness of the method of loci?
We form excellent representations of visual images in memory.
Jerry's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Jerry's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates
Weber's law
Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ________ theory.
Young-Helmoltz
Dr. McIntosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self-focused rumination, rejection from others, and low serotonin levels. Dr. McIntosh's emphasis best illustrates
a biopsychosocial approach
An integrated understanding of pain control in terms of mental distraction, the release of endorphins, and the presence of empathic caregivers is most clearly provided by
a biosychosocial approach
Sadie is so fearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety that she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she has her groceries delivered. Because of her fear, she earns her living as a freelance writer, working at home. Sadie's behavior is most characteristic of
agoraphobia
One of the most damaging teratogens is
alcohol
The Thematic Apperception Test requires people to respond to
ambiguous pictures
Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:
an algorithm
Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development.
anal
Marguerite, a first-year doctoral student, scrutinizes the neural tissue that she prepared for study under her microscope. She knows from experience that the areas that look gray have a high density of cell bodies, while the areas that look white consist of large bundles of myelinated ____.
axons
Jack is terrified of germs and feels compelled to bathe 10 time a day. His therapist suggests that jack continues his maladaptive bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. The therapists suggestion most directly reflects a _____ perspective
behavioral
Despite the overwhelming evidence that the world is in fact round, there are some people who insist the world is flat. These people are best demonstrating the concept of
belief perseverance
After George learned that Mrs. Min suffered from schizophrenia, he mistakenly concluded that her tendencies to laugh easily and smile frequently were symptoms of her disorder. This best illustrates the
biasing issues of diagnostic labels
After Anika learned that her history professor had suffered an anxiety disorder, she concluded that the professor's tendency to talk loudly was simply a way of disguising feelings of personal insecurity. This best illustrates the
biasing power of diagnostic labels
Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits?
biopsychosocial
The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionary oldest to newest is
brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex
Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the
circadian rhytum
The belief that Harry Potter, Jesus, Neo (from the matrix), buddha and even Rama ( Hindu hero of virtue from the Ramayana) or evidence of a hero archetype that exists in all cultures because it is part of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
called the collective unconscious
The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" refers to the
capacity of short-term memory
Mr. Roberts spends the vast majority of his days sitting passively in a motionless stupor. Psychologist would say he most likely suffers from
catatonia
Police Officer Amy Randall suspects that the driver of a car in front of her is driving under the influence of alcohol. She pulls the driver over and administers a field sobriety test. She asks the driver to stand on one leg so that she can evaluate the driver's balance. This test is performed because the _____ is one of the first structures in the brain to be affected by alcohol.
cerebellum
The _____ is a structure that is part of the brainstem and is involved in maintaining balance and motor coordination. This is one of the first structures of the brain to be impacted by alcohol.
cerebellum
According to the text, learning involves
change in behavior due to experience
What type of stimuli are responsible for olfaction and gustation?
chemical
Will is 10 years old and preparing for a spelling contest. He is starting to memorize the spelling of the word antidisetablishmentarianism. He realizes that he can group the letters into anti, dis, establish, and so forth. this process is called
chunking
Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the
circadian rhythm
The retina is to the eye as the ______ is to the ear
cochlea
What structure of the ear contains the auditory receptors
cochlea
Piaget is best known for his interest in the process of ________ development.
cognitive
Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of
cognitive processes
Professor Thompson's research focuses on the impact of prototypes on the speed of object recognition and identification. Which specialty area does this research best represent?
cognitive psychology
Human factors psychologist would be most likely to aid in the design of
computer keyboards
When we use the word "drill" to refer to a category of power tools, we are using this word as a(n)
concept
Luis is 10 years old. he is becoming quite good at arguing with his parents over such topics as what his bedtime should be and whether he has eaten enough of his diner to have dessert. he loves toys and projects that income hands-on learning, but cannot yet handle abstract concepts. according to Piaget, Luis is in the ____ state of cognitive.
concrete operations stage
If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a(n)
conditioned response
Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?
cones
Mr. Vasquez, who was skeptical about the effectiveness of introducing more technology into his classroom, takes careful note every time a student's laptop doesn't work. Paying attention to this evidence, while ignoring all the times the student's laptops function properly best illustrates
confirmation bias
Contemporary psychologist are least likely to agree with Freud's belief that
conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex
A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of
conscientiousness
Functionalists were interested in the role of _____ in dealing with the problems of everyday living.
consciousness
Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by
context effects
When Rick learned that many students had received a failing grade on the midterm exam, he was no longer disappointed by his C grade. His experience best illustrates the importance of:
context effects
The perception of the letter "t" as two intersecting lines rather than as four nonintersecting lines illustrates the principle of
continuity
Even though smoking marijuana would reduce the pain associated with her chronic medical condition, Juanita believes it would be morally wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Kohlberg would suggest that Juanita demonstrates a(n) _______ morality.
conventional
The nerve fibers that enable communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres and that have been severed in split-brain patients form a structure called the
corpus callosum
Ellen, an English speaking college student, was assigned to work in Tanzania for the Peace Corps. When attempting to learn Swahili, she struggles significantly more than when she learned Spanish in grade school. This best illustrates the importance of _______ for mastering language.
critical period
Colin believes that he is the president of the United States and that he will soon become the "King of the Universe." Colin is most clearly suffering from
delusions
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, and electrical signal travels from the ____ of a single neuron.
dendrites to the cell body to the axon to the terminal branches
A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachments is a symptom of
depersonalization
The under supply of serotonin is most closely linked to
depression
Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.
describing; explaining
Sensation is to___ as perception is to_______.
detection; interpretation
A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM 5 in order to ________ various psychological disorders
diagnose
Paul is a senior in high school and doesn't have a clue what he wants to do in the fall. Not only does Paul not know where he wants to go, he doesn't really car. According to Marcia, Paul is most likely in which identity stage?
diffusion
Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?
dilation of the pupil
Sleep deprivation has been shown to
diminish immunity to disease
As a child, Monica was criticized severely by her mother for not living up to her expectations. This criticism was always followed by a beating with a whip. As an adult, Monica is generally introverted and extremely shy. Sometimes, however, she acts more like a young child, throwing tantrums if she doesn't get her way. At other times, she is a flirting, happy-go-lucky young lady. Most likely, Monica is suffering from:
dissociative identity disorder
Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on
divergent thinking
Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for
dopamine
Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is
dreaming
Ongoing patterns of behavior that interfere with normal day-to-day life are best characterized as
dysfunctional
which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve
eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea
Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of
egocentrism
Doris is memorizing some chapter definitions for an economics quiz. For each defined term, she repeats the definition and uses the term in a sentence. She is engaging in ____.
elaborative rehearsal
The heart begins to beat during the ________ period of prenatal development.
embryonic
When Mrs. McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Mrs. McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates
emotional intelligence
The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in
encoding
The process of getting information into memory is called
encoding
What is the correct ordering of the processes of memory?
encoding, storage, and retrieval
Jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of
endorphins
Doris's heart suddenly races as a speeding car nearly collides with hers on the highway. Which neurotransmitter is playing a role in this response?
epinephrine
Matt remembers visiting Disney World and SeaWorld in Florida with his family when he was eight years old. This is an example of ____.
episodic memory
Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.
evolutionary
A declarative memory that is accessed in a conscious, direct, and effortful manner is also called a(n) _____.
explicit memory
Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone
extinction
Leanne's friends love her sixty-year-old mother, Liz, who is very warm and friendly. In fact, Liz encourages Leanne to bring over her friends for cocktail parties or cookouts every weekend she is free (that is, when she's not involved with a book club, painting class, or yoga retreat) The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of his personality is ____.
extroversion
To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits, trait theorists have used the statistical technique known as
factor analysis
Ethan, a 5-year-old with autism spectrum disorder, often rocks back and forth repetitively. He also gets upset if he cannot follow each step of his familiar routines. A possible source of repetitive or ritualistic behavior is ____.
failure to develop a normal theory of mind
When looking at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock, certain brain cells in the visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 o'clock. This is most indicative of
feature detection
An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.
fixed-interval
Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
fixed-ration; variable-ratio
Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as
fixtation
Alexa is 15 years old. She is very involved in environmental issues, including issues such as the finding alternatives to fossil fuels and the protection of biodiversity on the planet. According to Piaget, Alexa is in the ____ of cognitive development.
formal operations stage
On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the impact of
framing
Following a nail gun wound to his head, Jack became more uninhibited, irritable, dishonest, and profane. It is likely that his personality change was the result of injury to his:
frontal lobe
The zipper-pull on Patrick's backpack broke, however Patrick was able to use a paperclip to attach to the zipper and easily unzip his bag. Patrick clearly has overcome the cognitive obstacle of
functional fixedness
After you rough bump part of your body—say your shin or your "funny bone"—into something and experience pain as a result, you may help to decrease that sense of pain by rubbing the injured area. The _______ theory provides some insight as to why rubbing the area helps to lower the pain that you feel.
gate theory
A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a
gene
Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates
generalization
Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates
generalization
Raul, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Raul most likely suffers from a(n)
generalized anxiety disorder
A traumatic experience may trigger a lasting phobia in a child with a sensitive, high-strung temperament. The same experience, however, may have no long-term impact on a child with a more relaxed temperament. This best illustrates the role of _____ in the development of phobias.
genetic predisposition
Christopher suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. Since the accident, he has great difficulty in forming new memories but remembers his childhood well, which suggests that his ____ was damaged.
hippocampus
Martin has a very stunning memory of virtually everything that has happened to him since he was 4 years of age. He remembers the weather on his 6th birthday, the baseball card he got when he was 11 years old, and the color of the eyes of the girl who sat next to him in his 6th grade classroom. Martin remembers all of these details despite the fact that he is 53 years of age. Martin has a condition called ______.
hyperthymesia
The ____ is a subcortical structure that participates in the regulation of thirst, temperature, hunger, sexual behavior, and aggression
hypothalamus
When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
id
Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing
identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart
In Erikson's work, a consistent, unified sense of self is called
identity
In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beat up a Bobo doll
imitated the adults' actions
In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use:
immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers
Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. As a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. Jerry most clearly suffered
inattentional blindness
Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by
inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules
A well-known local herbalist sells the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as "the body's natural tranquilizer," stating that it helps to calm the central nervous system and prevent anxiety and stress-related messages from reaching the motor centers of the brain. This portrayal reflects GABA's
inhibitory effect on brain activity
An all-or-none response pattern is characteristic of the
initiation of neural impulses
After 12 months of age Jeremy shows no more desire to be help by his own parents than by complete strangers. His behavior best illustrates
insecure attachment
After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates
insight
The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called
introspective
generalized anxiety disorder is a condition characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that
is not correlated with particular objects or situations
According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to
it's underlying and censored meaning
According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to
its underlying but censored meaning
With her eyes closed, Sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of
kinesthesis
Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. With respect to tone sensitivity, Maria apparently has a ________ threshold than does Jennifer.
larger difference
When Violette gets mad, she stops, slams doors, screams, and throws toys. In order to try and help her when she gets mad, her parents try to take 4 deep breaths, count to 10, and talk calmly. Violette's parents are attempting to use what technique to help change her "anger" behavior?
latent learning modeling
Jack is obsessed with avoiding germs and feels compelled to bathe at least 10 times every day. His therapist suggest that Jack continues his maladaptive bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a _______ perspective.
learning
A time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately
locating sounds
The final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model refers to the location of permanent memories. This is a ___ memory
long-term
A high-amplitude, high frequency sound wave is perceived as
loud and high-pitched
Stephen has just finished composing his first poem, entitled Clouded Memories, for his poetry slam class. He is slated to recite the first ten lines during class tonight, and repeats them over and over to himself as he is walking there. This is called ____.
maintenance rehersal
Christopher was thrown from a horse and is no longer able to breath on his own. It is most likely that Christopher has suffered damage to which structure of the brain?
medulla
Bright light inhibits our feelings of sleepiness by influencing the production of
melatonin
The major characteristic of dissociative disorders is a disturbance of
memory
Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is
mental ability to learn from experience
For years, any time Maria became anxious she would clean her apartment and the act of cleaning helped calm her nerves. Recently, however, Maria has been anxious and cleaning her apartment is no longer therapeutic. Maria feels lost, and can't think of any way to help relieve her anxiety. Maria is clearly struggling from
mental set
Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the
middle ear
We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to
mirror neurons
Rods are
more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.
Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?
motor cortex
Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Daryl is a painter and poet. His work often portrays fantasy images that evoke strong emotion. He loves to travel, particularly in Asia, to view the art at sacred sites and learn about local culture. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of Daryl's personality is ____.
openness
Learning associations between one's own personal behavior and resulting events is to ______ as learning association between events one doesn't control is to _____.
operant conditioning; classical conditioning
A drug that blocks the reuptake of a particular neurotransmitter is called a(n)
opiate
Behaviorist, including B. F. Skinner, argued that children learn language through
opperant conditioning
While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from
panic attack
While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from a(n)
panic attack
small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are referred to as
papillae
A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers illustrates the importance of
parallel processing
The ___ cortex in the brain contains the primary somatosensory cortex which, among other jobs, processes one's perception of touch.
parietal
Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of
perceptual adaptation
After watching a scary television movie, Julie perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence of
perceptual set
Ashley is a senior in high school. Her parents enjoy her company and have an "open door" policy where her friends are concerned. They are fine with her friends drinking and smoking in the basement as long as one person refrains as the designated driver. Their parenting style is ____.
permissive
Four-year-old John is very competitive with his father in trying to gain more attention from his mother. Freud would have suggested that John is going through the ____ stage of development.
phallic
Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.
phallic
Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from a(n)
phobia
The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a "b" and an "t" produce words such as bat, bet, bit, and but. these various vowel sounds represent different
phonemes
The four components of working memory proposed by Baddeley et al. are called the central executive, the episodic buffer, the visuospatial sketch pad, and the _____ loop.
phonological
Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the
pinna
The master gland of the endocrine system is the
pituitary gland
The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain
plasticity
Following a head injury, a person has ongoing difficulties staying awake. Most likely, the damage occurred to the
pons
Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered
positive punishment
Henry disapproves of stealing jelly beans from his sister's Easter basket because he thinks his mother will spank him if he does. Henry best represents a ________ morality.
preconventional
Aptitude test are specifically designed to
predict ability to learn a new skill
Infant monkeys raised with a nourishing wire mother and a nonnourishing cloth mother
preferred the nonnourishing cloth mother
When is Piaget's name of development that begins at the age of 2 years and ends at the age of 6 years and is characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically.
preoperational stage
Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a _____.
previous stimulus
The taste of food and the termination of painful electric shock are both ______ reinforces
primary
The body structures that enable reproduction are the
primary sex characteristics
After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized in the morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates
proactive interference
Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
proactive interference
An implicit memory for how to carry out a skilled movement is called ____.
procedural memory
Accommodation refers to the
process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus on the retina
chunking is the ___.
process of grouping similar or meaningful info together
Rona was asked by her psychotherapist to describe what she saw in 10 ambiguous inkblots. Rona was most likely responding to a(n) ________ test.
projective
Because Walter, Donny, and The Dude were all sitting behind the same bowling lane, Jesus perceived the they were all members of the same bowling team. This best illustrates the organizational principle of
proximity
Excess of neural connections in the brains association areas are reduced through a process of
pruning
Myran quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of
punishment
As her parents became increasingly more abusive toward her, Amity began, with apparent sincerity, to emphatically express her great admiration for her parents. Amity's behavior illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of
reaction formation
Sheldon goes to the grocery story to buy a few items, and when he gets there he can remember only the last few things he wanted to buy. "I knew I should have written everything down," he says to himself. Sheldon, has illustrated the ____ effect.
recency
If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape
Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates
regression
According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is
repression
When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful
retrieval cues
The title of a song is on the tip of Gerald's tongue, be he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerald's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by
retrieval failure
You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to
retrieve sticks and balls
After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates
retroactive interference
Junko's grandmother survived a stroke but is paralyzed on her left side. She has likely suffered damage to her
right hemisphere
Branden is so apathetic about his occupational future that within two years of his high school graduation he had already been fired by four different employers. According to Erikson, Branden best illustrates
role confusion
Dr. Lee, a 35-year-old professor, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where is relatives have brought him for treatment. Lee is most likely suffering from
schizophrenia
Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to
secure attachment
While reading a novel, Ramond isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his brothers' loud arguments. This best illustrates
selective attention
When children are told that certain classmates are learned disabled, they may behave in ways that inhibit the success of the students in the classroom. This best illustrates the dangers of
self-fulfilling prophecies
Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include _____.
semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information
The rock musician was HIT with a rotten egg while performing his latest HIT song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of:
semantics
Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage.
sensorimotor
Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development=
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates
sensory adaptation
During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of
sensory interaction
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?
sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
At your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers, one at a time. As you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting at the beginning. By the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the beginning and the last names you heard. Which of the following best explains your experience?
serial position effect
Consciousness is to unconsciousness as ______ is to ________.
serial processing; parallel processing
A brain tumor caused extensive damage to Mr. Thorndike's hypothalamus. It is most likely that he may suffer a loss of
sexual motivation
Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
shaping
Charles was doodling in class when Mr. Cantrell asked him about what he was supposed to be doing next. Luckily for Charles, he could remember what Mr. Cantrell just told the class about "getting out their laptops to start working on their Literature Review." What stage of memory just helped Charles not to look quite so stupid?
short-term memory
Mr. Oates always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from
sleep apnea
Developmental psychologist study physical, cognitive, and ____ changes throughout the human life cycle.
social
Maxine is extremely shy and is so easily embarrassed when she is with other people that she often misses her college classes just to avoid social interactions. Maxine appears to suffer from a(n)
social anxiety disorder
After Miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Broca's area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty
speaking fluently
Ted is seeing a humanistic psychologist for therapy. His psychologist is most likely to focus on
striving for growth and developing potential
When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a
strong ego
No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a
strong superego
A teratogen is a(n)
substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child
An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of
successive approximations
You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the
sympathetic nervous system
Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to:
tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves
Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your
thalamus
consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the
thalamus
According to Piaget's theory, during the concrete operational stage, a child is still unlikely to demonstrate
the ability to think hypotheitically
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view
An axon is
the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body
We produce many more synapses than we need, and then retain only those that are used in a "use it or lose it" fashion. What does this demonstrate?
the important role of experience in wiring the brain
What would be a consequence of destroying the corpus callosum?
the left and right cerebral hemispheres would not be able to effectively communicate.
Edward has a fear of being contaminated when shaking hands with others, touching doorknobs, and being in crowded public spaces such as subway cars. He washes his hands roughly 100 times a day. His doctor has recently prescribed an antidepressant to increase his level of serotonin. Which approach to psychological disorders does this exemplify?
the medical model
Melaine, a graduate student working in a neuroscience lab, grows neurons in a petri dish to study the effects of environmental toxins and neuronal communication. During one of Melanie's experiments, she accidentally damages the axon of a neuron. What will be an immediate consequence of this mishap?
the neuron will not be able to transmit information to other cells
Visual conditions such as myopia and hyperopia are due in part to ______ while, astigmatism is a problem with _____
the shape of the eye; shape of the cornea
A morpheme is _____
the smallest component of a speech that carries meaning
According to Freud, the unconscious is
the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
Chloe can clearly sense when her sister's teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a(n)
theory of mind
What is an important elaboration of Piaget's concept of egocentrism
theory of mind
Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that
there is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the
threshold
Defense mechanisms serve what purpose
to protect the ego from the anxiety of failure
Sigmund Freud is to psychoanalytic perspective as Gordon Allport is to the _____ perspective
trait
Hertiability refers to the extent to which
trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations
The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic
trait dimensions
The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called
transduction
A rare health condition caused damage to the amygdala on both sides of Nina's brain. She is now more likely that most people to
try skydiving
Parenting styles can be divided into 4 categories, which vary along____
two dimensions: parental support and behavioral expectation
In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)
unconditioned response
Positive punishment introducing a(n) ____ consequence of a certain behavior, and negative punishment involves withdrawing a(n) _____ consequence of a certain behavior.
undesirable; desirable
Positive punishment involves introducing a(n) ______ consequence of a certain behavior, and negative punishment involves withdrawing a(n) ______ consequence of a certain behavior
undesirable; desirable
Long-term memory is characterized by____.
unlimited duration and unlimited capacity
As Harry walks out of the supermarket, he sees his parked car get hit by another car. He tries to memorize the make, model, and license plate number of the other car. According to Baddeley's model, he is using his working memory's ____.
visuospatial sketchpad
When considering light waves, brightness is to amplitude as hue is to
wavelength
The blind spot is located in the area of the retina
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
What is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously
working memory
When most people stare first at a blue circle and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the circle appears
yellow
During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n)
zygote and finally develops into a fetus
