Midterm Examination Review

How does the U.S. compare to other developed nations with regard to life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, and maternal death rate?

Comparable to war-affected countries

Social Inequality

Disparity in income, wealth, power, prestige, and resources

Semi-structured Interviews

Fluid approach, allowing interviewee to express themselves

Structured Interviews

Formal, set questions in predetermined order

Ethics

Guiding principles to ensure no harm in research

Clinical Autonomy

Healthcare provider's ability to make professional judgments

Iatrogenesis and second use of term

1) Harm caused by doctors or medical intervention 2) draw attention to our cultural dependence on medicine and medical practitioner

Steps of Research Process

1) Research question 2) literature review 3) research method 4) data analysis 5) disseminating findings

Medical Power

Ability to ensure a particular point of view prevails

Race and Diabetes Relationship

African-Americans more likely to have diabetes than Whites

Micro-level Approach

Agency/Interaction

Sociological Imagination Application

Applying sociological thinking to understand the world

Sex

Biological differences between men and women

Healthcare Disparity

Difference in quality and access to healthcare

Social Class

Economic position associated with income, wealth, occupation

Structure

Factors that establish expected ways of behaving

Social Model of Health

Holistic approach, illness with variety of causes

Explanatory Perspectives on Social Inequality and Health Inequity

Individual income, psychosocial, neo-material interpretations

Qualitative Research

Interview-based research to understand meanings

Enlightenment

Introduction of scientific and secular perspectives

Feminism

Macro-level

Social Conflict/Marxism

Macro-level

Structural Functionalism

Macro-level

Symbolic Interactionism

Micro-level

Alternative Medicine

N/A

Complimentary Medicine

N/A

Income and Health Relationship

N/A

Increase in Alternative Medicine

N/A

Medicalization

N/A

New Perspectives on Gender in Health

N/A

Perceptions of Quality of Care by Race

N/A

Traditional Perspectives on Gender and Health

N/A

Institutionalized Racism

Organization's failure to provide appropriate service due to race

Medical Model of Health

Outcome of biological factors, illness with specific cause

Sick Role

Patient is excused from normal roles and not responsible for illness

Foucault's Clinical Gaze

Perceiving the body as an object for observation and treatment

Describe the relationship between structure and social interaction

Reciprocal relationship

Reasons for Lack of Holistic Approach

Separation of science and humanities, organ-centered medicine

Enlightenment and Medicine

Shift from demonic possessions to biology in medicine

Gender

Social differences between men and women

Achieved Status

Social position linked to acquired credentials or skills

Ascribed Status

Social position linked to unalterable characteristics

Quantitative Research

Statistically-based research to measure phenomena

Sociology

Study of society and interaction between groups and individuals

Social Stratification

Systematic ranking of different groups in a hierarchy

Sociological Imagination

Thinking beyond personal experiences to understand the world

What makes sociology scientific?

involves systematic study includes theory empirical observation

Agency

Unique interpretation of roles, not predetermined actions

Why has there been an increase in maternal death rate in the United States?

Worse general medical health, no medical coverage, delayed childbirth

Macro-level Approach

social structure