Midterm Part 5

Sufferers of Anorexia?

-tend to starve themselves. -develop an extremely distorted body image, perceiving themselves as obese even when emaciated. -often have controlling families; anorexia may be an effort to establish control and autonomy over some aspect of their lives.

Childhood obesity is a complex physical disorder with multiple causes which are?

Both genetic and environmental factors probably play a role, Obese children develop maladaptive eating habit, Obese children are less active than their normal-weight peers.

What are two Eating Disorders we discussed in class?

Bulimia and anorexia

What is in Breastmilk?

Contains all the nutrients necessary, Various antibodies, Easier to digest

Proximodistal principle?

Development proceeds from the center of the body outward, based on the latin for "near" and "far"

Orthogenetic principle?

Development starts globally and undifferentiated and moves toward increasing differentiation and hierarchical integration

Principle of the independence of systems?

Different body systems grow at different rates

True/False In contemporary industrialized nations, adults are several inches smaller than their same-sex great-grandparents were

False (Taller) It is thought that improved nutrition and general health are largely responsible for these trends.

True/False Obesity does not lead to many health, social, and emotional problems.

False (it does lead)

True/False Bulimia is not associated with low self-esteem, childhood obesity, and various psychiatric problems.

False (it is associated)

True/False Differences in height and weight do not reflect economic factors within the U.S.

False (they do)

True/False Nearly 5% of American children suffer from obesity; 1/4 are over weight.

False 17% and 1/3

True/False Infants are not sensitive to the smell of breast milk.

False Infants are sensitive

True/False Adolescent girls experience growth burst later than boys.

False earlier

True/False Humans take the same growing time as other animals that take 5% of time growing.

False humans take 20% of growing time

True/False Brain maturation disables neural development to be "fine-tuned"

False it Enables

True/False Compared with other species, humans undergo the same period of growth and development.

False long period

True/False Breastfeeding Mothers may have higher rates of ovarian cancer and breast cancer.

False lower

True/False Most of the 100 billion neurons are present at age 20.

False present at birth.

True/False Growth is even across different parts of the body, following the cephalocaudal principle.

False uneven

Cephalocaudal principle?

Growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body, based on Greek and Latin roots meaning "head-to-tail"

Temporal Lobe?

Memory, visual recognition, processing of emotion and auditory information.

Glial Cells?

Outnumber neurons 10 to 1. Perform a variety of support functions. Form myelin sheath around certain axons, insulating them and increasing the speed and efficiency of information transmission.

Principle of hierarchical integration?

Simple skills typically develop separately and independently, later they are integrated into more complex skills

Parietal Lobe?

Spatial processing and integration of sensory information.

Frontal Lobe?

Thinking, planning, organizing.

True/False Breastfeeding makes it Difficult to monitor food intakes?

True

True/False Breastfeeding provides emotional bonding between mother and the baby.

True

True/False General agreement that for the first 12 months, breastfeeding is better than formula.

True

True/False Girls in the United States also menstruate earlier than girls from other nations.

True

True/False Infant sense of smell draws them to their mothers.

True

True/False Infants love sweet taste!

True

True/False Most of our brain size is achieved in the first years of development.

True

True/False Puberty causes physical changes related to reproduction.

True

True/False Treatment of anorexia is especially difficult, because patients do no believe they have an eating problem.

True

True/False Variability in Development Occurs across cultures and geographies.

True

True/False Body composition (the proportion of fat and of muscle) changes with age.

True

True/False Bulimia develops in adolescence or early adulthood.

True

True/False Growth spurts are steep in first two years of life and in early adolescence.

True

True/False Myelination has numerous implications for developmental changes observed across the life span.

True

True/False Neuron's differ in size and function.

True

True/False Over half American adults are overweight, and a quarter are obese.

True

True/False Plasticity and timing play an important role in recovery from brain damage.

True

True/False Sensitivity to taste and smell develops before birth.

True

True/False There are profound differences in height and weight between children in economically developed countries and those in developing countries.

True

Ture/False In the early years children's heads are about 50% of body size.

True

True/False Girls in the United States menstruate earlier than did their ancestors.

True (Because menstruation requires a certain level of body fat, this trend may help account for the greater obesity in children today.)

Until what age is the crucial time for brain development?

Up to 4yrs

Obesity?

a body weight more than 20 percept higher than the recommended weight for a person of a given age and height.

Cell body?

also called the soma, is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, connects to the dendrites

When can Solid food start for children?

as early as 6 months

What are the risk factors of bulimia?

being obese in childhood, having obese parents, early menstruation, and various psychiatric problems.

The Neuron?

can have up to 15,000 connections, certain connections get stronger while some others die.

Brain Maturation is a Complementary interrelated processes that includes which two processes?

cell proliferation and cell pruning

What are the 4 major principles governing growth?

cephalocaudal principle, proximodistal principle, orthogenetic principle, principle of hierarchical integration, principle of the independence of systems

In adulthood Taste, smell, and sensitivity to pain are?

declines gradually at different point in middle adulthood

What are the three main parts of Neurons ?

dendrites, cell body, axon

In adulthood vision is?

fairly stable from adolescence through the 40s and 50s; then visual acuity declines; often see distant objects better than they could as young adults.

What are the four lobes?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Benefits of Breastfeeding

helps baby fight off viruses and bacteria, lowers baby's risk of having asthma or allergies, babies who are breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months have fewer ear infections, respiratory illnesses, and bouts of diarrhea.

Anorexia Nervosa?

is characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat.

Bulimia?

is characterized by eating binges followed by self-induced purging.

Variability in development Secular trends?

marked changes in physical development that have occurred over generations.

In adulthood Motor skills are?

motor skills and reaction time drops off slowly throughout adulthood and more quickly during older adulthood

Myelination?

neurons becoming encased in this protective substance that speeds transmission, begins prenatally but continues for many years after birth, proceeding from the spinal cord to the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

Occipital Lobe?

perception, vision

Cerebral cortex?

plays a primary role in what is thought to be human-like functioning, from seeing and hearing to writing to feeling emotions.

Dendrites?

receive messages from adjacent neurons

Cell pruning (synapse elimination)

selective elimination of excess cells and the cutting back of connections

The axon?

sends messages across the synapse to other neurons.

What are Neurons?

specializing in sending and receiving electrical messages between the brain and all parts of the body.

In adulthood Hearing is?

starts to decline after age 20; more common in men than women

Plasticity?

the degree to which one area of the brain can assume the functions governed by another area following injury to the latter.

Cell proliferation (synaptogenesis)

the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

Synapse?

tiny gap between dendrites

Physical consequences of obesity include?

•increased risk of heart disease •high blood pressure •diabetes •breathing problems •trouble sleeping •emotional problems