Migration
Was Ravenstein correct when he said that most long distance migrants are young adults?
40% f immigrants are young adults between the ages of 25-39. Only 5% of immigrants to the US are over the age of 65.
What is the foreign born population in Europe?
40% of Luxembourg is foreign born. 20% of Switzerland is foreign born. Among the most populous countries in Europe is Spain, which has the largest share of foreign born
How many people migrated to the United States from 1820 to 2010?
75 million people migrated to the United States between 1820 and 2010
How many US immigrants come in under the reunification of families preference?
75% of immigrants to the US are admitted to reunify families, mainly spouses or children of people already living in the US. The typical wait for a spouse to gain entry 5 years
How much of the world's population are international migrants?
9 percent of the world's people are international migrants, meaning that they currently live in countries other than the ones in which they were born
What is a brain drain?
A brain drain is a large scale emigration by talented people. So, many smart people are leaving
Why might a brain drain occur?
A brain drain, or the emigration of talented workers might take place because immigration policies in the US and Europe give preference to skilled workers. Scientists, researchers, doctors, and other professionals migrate to countries where they can make better use of their abilities
What is a guest worker program?
A guest worker program is where immigrants from poorer countries are allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs.
How is lack of water a push factor?
A lack of water is a push factor because it pushes others from their land.
What is the migration transition?
A migration transition, which was created by Zelinsky, consists of changes in Society comparable to those in the demographic transition.
Even though a passport is required for Guatemalans to come into Mexico, how many come in illegally?
A passport is needed to go from Guatemala into Mexico, but about 2 million a year come in illegally Some Guatemalans migrate to Mexico for higher paying jobs in tropical fruit plantations. For most Guatemalans, the ultimate destination is the US
What is a pull factor?
A pull factor induces people to move into a new location.
What is a push factor?
A push factor induces people to move out of their present location
What does a quota limit?
A quota is a maximum limit on the amount of people that could immigrate to the US in one year.
Where do most unauthorized immigrants in the US come from?
About 58% of unauthorized immigrants in the US emigrated from Mexico. The remaining 42% of unauthorized immigrants are from other Latin American countries and other regions of the world
What did Ravenstein say about the age of long distance migrants?
According to Ravenstein, most long distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families ad children.
What did Ravenstein say about the gender of long distance migrants?
According to Ravenstein, most long distance migrants are male
According to the migration transition, what stage of demographic transition does international migration occur?
According to the migration transition, international migration mainly takes place in countries that are in stage 2
After family reunification, how do these Asian immigrants enact in chain migration?
After skilled workers move and family reunification takes place, a wider range of individuals came through chain migration.
Why did the number of unauthorized immigrants decline in 2008?
After the number of unauthorized immigrants reached its peak in 2007, the number of unauthorized immigrants in the US declined in 2008 because of the severe recession that began. The recession of 2008 reduced job opportunities in the US.
What do Americans want for immigrants in regards to their civil rights?
Americans favor letting law enforcement verify legal status of anyone they suspect of being an unauthorized immigrant. However, people worry that enforcement efforts that identiy and deport unauthorized immigrants could violate the rights of US citizens
Why did people move to the south from 1950 to 2010?
Americans migrated South for job opportunities and a warmer climate.
What do Americans want in regards to an immigrant's workplace?
Americans recognize that unauthorized immigrants occupy jobs that no one else wants. Since immigrants occupy jobs that Americans don't want, Americans support the work related program to make them legal, and opposed raids on the workplace to deport
What do Americans think in regards to Border patrol?
Americans would like more effective border controls so that fewer unauthorized immigrants can enter, but they do not want to see money being spent on building more fences on the border. The US department of homeland security has stepped up security
What is an asylum seeker?
An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee.
How do Chinese experience interregional migration?
An estimated 100 million Chinese have emigrated from rural areas in the interior of the country to large urban areas along the east coast
What is an internally displaced person?
An internally displaced person is forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee, but instead of moving out of the country like refugees, IDPs stay within the same country.
What is an intervening obstacle?
An intervening obstacle is an environmental or political features that hinders migration
What was the immigration law of 2010 in Arizona?
Arizona's 2010 immigration law obligated local law enforcement officials to determine a persons immigration status. Foreigners would always have to carry documents to prove they are legal. In 2012, the Supreme Court struck down several provisions of it
What is circulation?
Circulation are the short term, repetitive, or cyclic movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually.
How did the Appalachian mountains block settlers from Western Expansion?
Colonists stayed near the Atlantic coast due to the fact that the Appalachian Mountains blocked western development because of their steep slopes, thick forests, and few gaps that allowed easy passage.
How did the Indians keep western expansion of settlements?
Colonists stayed near the coast because indigenous people living beyond the west. The Indians still occupied large areas and sometimes resisted the expansion of settlement.
What jobs are US immigrants more likely to do?
Compared to the average American unauthorized immigrants are much more likely to be employed in construction and hospitality such as food and lodging, and are less likely to be in white collar jobs such as education, health care, and finance.
What is counterurbanization?
Counterurbanization is when the net migration is from urban to rural areas
What does counterurbanization result from?
Counterurbanization results in part from very rapid expansion of suburbs.
What countries received the most refugees in 2010 from Afghanistan and Iraq?
Countries bordering Afghanistan and Iraq that received the most refugees are from Pakistan, Iran, and Syria.
what countries have a negative net migration?
Countries in the middle east such as Syria have a negative net migration because more people want to get away from Syria and these countries and move to more developed countries.
What countries would have a positive net migration?
Countries such as the United States and Europe are going to have a positive net migration rate due to the fact that more people want to come into the country than leave the country.
How did Europe plant seeds of conflict?
Europeans planted seeds of conflict by immigrating to regions with large indigenous populations like in Africa and Asia. Europeans often imposed political domination on existing populations and injected their cultural values with little regard for local traditions
What was the immigration law of 2011 in Alabama?
Even though Alabama doesn't even border Mexico, Alabama enacted a law that prohibited unauthorized immigrants from attending public schools and college
How did shipping links with Europe keep settlers from leaving the Atlantic coast?
Few colonists ventured far from coastal locations because they depended on shipping links with Europe to receive products and to export raw materials.
What is forced migration?
Forced migration is a form of international migration whereby the migrants were compelled to move, especially by political and environment factors
Why was western expansion increased from 1850 to 1890?
From 1850 to 1890, the population shifted even more to the west because of the gold rush
What was migration from 1950 to 2010?
From 1950 to 2010, there has been migration to the south.
Where do people from Eastern Europe such as Poland, Russia, and Ukraine tend to move?
From Eastern Europe like Poland, Russia, and Ukraine, people often move to Germany, United Kingdom, and Ireland
Where do people of northern Europe like United Kingdom and Germany tend to move to?
From northern Europe like United Kingdom and Germany, people often move to climates of Southern Europe like Spain.
What are guest workers protected by?
Guest workers are protected by minimum wage laws, labor union contracts, and other support programs. The guest worker program was intended to be temporary. After a few years, the guest workers were expected to go home
In the past, why did people participate in interregional migration or movement between regions of a country?
Historically, people migrated from one region of a country to another region in search of better farmland. Lack of farmland pushed people from more densely settled regions of a country, and were lured to frontier, where land was plentiful
How is immigration a major plank in politics?
Hostility to immigrants is a major factor in political parties in much of Europe.
When did hostility towards immigrants intensify?
Hostility towards immigrants intensified when Italians, Russians, Poles, and other southern and eastern Europeans came into the US beginning in the late 1800s.
What environmental problem are people of the Sahel region subject to?
Hundreds of thousands of people in the Sahel region have been forced to move due to drought conditions. People of the Sahel region have traditionally been pastoral nomads
What happens if the net migration is negative?
If the negative migration is negative, there are less immigrants coming in to the country than the emigrants leaving the country.
What happens if the net migration is positive?
If the net migration is positive, that means that there are more immigrants than emigrants. There are more people coming in to the country than leaving the country
What is the term illegal alien?
Illegal alien is a term who favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of immigrants
Where are immigrants mainly attracted to?
Immigrants are mainly attracted to 14 of the 16 countries with highest income per capita are in Europe. People from poorer countries are attracted to these wealthier countries in northern and western Europe
Where were immigrants from during 1905 to 1914?
Immigrants from 1905 to 1914 were mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe. Specifically, they were from Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary.
How do immigrants serve an important role in wealthy European countries?
Immigrants serve an important role in the wealthier countries in northern and western Europe because they are willing to occupy the low status and low skilled jobs that local Europeans are unwilling to take. Immigrants in Berlin, Brussels, Paris and Zurich, they are significant
Where was the population center in 1790?
In 1790, the population center was near the Atlantic Coast, for virtually all colonial settlements were near the Atlantic Coast.
What were the five Indian Tribes that were forced to move to Indian territory?
In 1831, The Choctaw were forced to migrate from Mississippi. In 1832, the Seminole were forced from Florida. In 1834, the Creek were forced from Alabama. In 1837, the Chickasaw were forced from Mississippi. 1838 Cherokee were forced from Georgia
What did people think about emigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe in 1911?
In 1911, Emigrants from Southern and eastern Europe were perceived as being racially inferior, and were inclined toward violent crime, resisted assimilation, and drove old stock citizens out of work
What were the US quota laws in 1924?
In 1924, quota laws said that for each country that had native born persons living in the US, 2% of that population could immigrate each year.
How many people in Asia live in urban areas?
In 1950, 15% of Asians lived in urban areas. Only 45% of Asians in 2010 lived in urban areas.
How many people live in urban areas in Latin America?
In 1950, 40% of Latin America lived in urban areas. In 2010, 80% of Latin Americans lived in urban areas.
Why did the Brazilian government move its capital from Rio to Brasilia in 1960?
In 1960, Brazil's capital was changed from Rio on the Atlantic coast to Brasilia in the interior of the country. Brasilia increased the attractiveness of the interior
What were the US quota laws of 1965?
In 1965, quotas for individual countries were replaced with hemisphere quotas. 170,000 from the Eastern Hemisphere were allowed into the US. 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere were allowed into the US
What were the US quota laws in 1978?
In 1978, a global quota of 290,000 was set, including a maximum of 20,000 per country.
What were the US quota laws of 1990?
In 1990, the global quota law was raised from 290,000 in 1978 to 700,000 in 1990
How many refugees and Internally Displaced Persons returned home in 2010?
In 2010, 198 thousand refugees and 2.9 million Internally Displaced Persons returned to their homes
How many Americans lived in urban areas in 2010?
In 2010, 80% of Americans lived in urban areas
How many refugees, Internally Displaced persons, and asylum seekers were there in 2010?
In 2010, the U N counted 10.6 million refugees, 14.7 million Internally Displaced Persons, and 838,000 asylum seekers.
What countries did the Philippine government determine were safe in Southwest Asia?
In 2011, the Philippine gov determined that Israel and Oman were safe for the Filipine immigrants. Other countries lacked protection for worker's rights.
Why have city populations in developed countries decreased?
In developed countries, people from urban areas often move to suburban areas, making the population of developed cities decrease. Twice as many Americans migrate from cities to suburbs each year that from suburbs to cities
What is the most common intraregional migration in developed countries?
In developed countries, the most common type of intraregional migration is from cities out to surrounding suburbs.
What were the incentives for Russians to move to the far north?
In later years, the Soviet government provided incentives of higher wages, more paid holidays, and earlier retirement. The incentives were meant to encourage migration to the Far North, but failed to bring migrants there
What did the Soviet officials do in the earlier years to get a population in the far north of the country?
In order to get people to move to the Soviet Union in early years, the Soviet government forced people to migrate to the far north to construct and operate steel mills, hydroelectric power stations, mines, and other enterprises.
What are the net migration patterns in result to changing the capital from Rio to Brasilia?
In result of establishing Brasilia as the capital, the coastal areas now have net out migration, whereas the interior areas have a net in migration. So, more people are moving to the interior and more people are leaving the coastal cities that are coming in to them.
What is the result of suburbanization?
In result of suburbanizaiton, the territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded. With suburban growth, farms outside of urban are housing and commercial developments. New roads, sewers, and other services are constructed.
What type of migration takes place in a country in the stage 2? In the stage 2, there are high birth and death rates, but rapidly declining death rate.
In stage 2 development, there is high international emigration. People move between countries. Along with international migration, there is also a high interregional migration from rural to urban areas
What migration takes place in stages 3 and 4?
In stages 3 and 4, internal migration occurs. There is high international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs.
Why was there are net out migration in Ireland during the 1800s and 1850s?
In the 1800s and 1900s, Ireland experienced a net out migration, so more people left the country. Dire economic conditions caused an excess of 200,000 migrants leaving Ireland a year in the 1850s. In the
Why did Europe used to be a major source of emigrants in the 1800s?
In the 1800s, Europe was a large source of emigrants because new technologies spawned by the Industrial Revolution produced a booming population in stage 2. There was a rapid decline in the CDR and high NIR. Less people dying and increase in population
How many Americans lived in urban areas in the 1800s to 1920?
In the 1800s,only 5% of Americans lived in urban areas. In 1920, 50% of Americans lived in urban areas
Why did Soviet officials want to open up the Asian portion of Russia?
In the Asian portion of Russia, there are more raw materials and there was not enough workers to fill mines, factories, and construction sites.
Where has counterurbanization occurred in the United States?
In the US, migration from urban to rural areas in the Rocky Mountains such as Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming.
In the US and Europe, what are the primary concerns for migration?
In the US, the principal concern for immigration relates to unauthorized immigration. In Europe, the main concern is cultural diversity.
How did the male concentration of the Mexican unauthorized immigrants shift from the 1980s and 1990s were male?
In the late 1980s, males constituted 85% of Mexican unauthorized immigrants. Since the 1990s, only 50% of unauthorized immigrants were males
Instead of forcing the Russians to the far north, like in earlier years, how did they urge people to move to the far north?
Instead of forcing people to move to the far north like in earlier years, incentives were then included to give people more reason to migrate to the far north
What is internal migration?
Internal migration is a permanent move within the same country. This concepts relates to distance decay due to the fact that the farther the place is located, the less likely that people will migrate to it
According to the migration transition, what stage of demographic transition does internal migration occur?
Internal migration occurs in countries that are in stages 3 and 4. This is due to the fact that their country is already developed, so they have less of a reason to migrate out of their country.
Why is internal migration easier for people than international migration?
Internal migration tends to be less traumatic than international migration due to the fact that there are similar cultural customs such as language, foods, and relationships within the same country.
What is international migration?
International migration is a permanent move from one country to another
Why has interregional migration in the United States decreased in the 21st century?
Interregional migration has decreased in the 21st century because the severe recession that began in 2008 discouraged people from migrating due to limited jobs in all regions.
What has interregional migration in Russia resulted in?
Interregional migration in Russia resulted in the opening of new regions for economic development in Russia
What is interregional migration been like in the 21st century?
Interregional migration in the 21st century has slowed in the US. Net migration between regions is close to zero
What is interregional migration?
Interregional migration is movement from one region of a country to another. The most kind of interregional migration is from rural to urban
What is interregional migration?
Interregional migration is when people from one region move to another region within the same country
When did intraregional migration from rural to urban begin in North America and Europe?
Intraregional migration from rural to urban areas in North america and Europe in the 1800s. Rural to urban migration took place as a part of the Industrial revolution
Why has intraregional migration slowed?
Intraregional migration has slowed during the early 2000s in result of the severe economic recession. People couldn't get loans to buy homes and there was no buyers.
What is intraregional migration?
Intraregional migration is migration within the same region of a country
What is intraregional migration?
Intraregional migration is movement within one country within one region. The most common kind of intraregional migration is within urban areas or from older cities to new suburbs.
What is komsomol?
Komsomol is a method that the Soviet Union used to send a brigade of young volunteers during school vacations to help construct projects like railroads
Where did workers in Brasilia live?
Many of these workers could not afford housing in Brasilia and were living in hastily erected shacks on the the outskirts of the city
What do many of today's conflicts in former European colonies result from?
Many of today's conflicts in former European colonies result from past practices by European immigrants, such as drawing arbitrary boundary lines and discriminating among different ethnic groups
What are unauthorized immigrations
Many who cannot legally enter the US illegally. People who immigrate illegally and enter without proper documents are unauthorized immigrants.
What is the immigrant relationship with Guatemala?
Mexico is a destination for unauthorized immigrants from Guatemala. When Mexicans immigrate to the US, they urge understanding and sympathy for the plight of immigrants. However, as Guatemalans migrate to Mexico, Mexico urges for stronger security
How many US immigrants fall under the skilled workers preference?
Migrants that are exceptionally talented professionals make up about 25% of immigrants
Why are people in developed countries able to move from cities to suburbs?
Migration from urban to suburban areas does not coincide with changing jobs. Instead, people are pulled by a suburban lifestyle. Cars and trains allow people to live in suburbs yet have access to jobs, shops, and facilities throughout the urban areas
How is migration a form of mobility?
Migration is a form of mobility, because migration is all of the movements from one place to another.
What is migration?
Migration is a permanent move to a new location
What are Mexicans trying to do by immigrating to the US?
Millions of Mexicans are trying to cross the boundary by any means: legal or otherwise.Mexicans search for unemployment, family reunification, and a better way of life
What do Americans believe in regards to local initiatives?
Most Americans believe that there should be no local enforcement, and that it should only concern the federal government. However, some states bordering Mexico favor stronger enforcement of authorized immigration
Where do Brazilians live?
Most Brazilians live in a string of large cities near the Atlantic Coast. Brazil's tropical interior is sparsely inhabited.
What are the demographic characteristics of European countries in stage 4?
Most European countries are now in stage 4, with a low or negative NIR. This means that the population is not increasing rapidly, or even decreasing.
What do the anti immigration parties fear the most?
Most of all, anti immigration parties fear that long standing cultural traditions of the host country are threatened by immigrants with different religions, languages, foods, and cultural habits. The immigrants culture could threaten the centuries old traditions
How is China both a source of migrant workers and a destination for migrant workers?
Most of the 40 million Chinese that live in other countries are from Southeastern China. However, China's booming economy also attracts migrants, especially from Vietnam
What are economic push and pull factors?
Most people migrate for economic reasons. Those experiencing economic push and pull factors tend to emigrate from places that have few job opportunities and immigrate to places where jobs are available.
Where are most unauthorized in the United States located?
Most unauthorized immigrants reside in California and Texas. Nevada has the largest number % of unauthorized immigrants
What was the intervening obstacle for European pioneers and Native Americans traveling west across America?
Mountains and deserts served as intervening obstacles for European pioneers and displaced Native Americans attempting to travel to the American west
Why are no locations in developed countries really isolated?
No location in developed countries are really isolated because of modern communications and transportation systems. Economic and social isolation is avoided.
Where do retirees move in the United States?
Of the retirees that move to another state, one third move to Florida. Regions with warm winters, such as southern Spain and southwestern Europe are attractive for people that are from harsh climates.
What do the oil producing countries of Southwest Asia worry about?
Oil producing countries fear increasing numbers of guest workers will cause political unrest and abandonment of Islamic values.
How do people migrate on the global level?
On the global level, people tend to migrate from developing countries to developed countries
What was the result of opening the American West?
Opening of the American West resulted in a large scale internal migration. When America was independent, the it consisted of long established settlements on the Atlantic coast. Through mass interregional migration, the interior was settled and developed.
What is pastoral nomadism?
Pastoral nomadism is a form of agriculture adapted to dry lands but effective only at low population densities. Pastoral nomadism is a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals. The word pastoral means sheep herding
What enables people to live in environmentally attractive areas?
People are able to live in environmentally attractive areas because of improved technologies and communications. So, people can live in environmentally attractive areas that remote and still not feel too isolated from daily activities.
Where do people from southeastern Europe like Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and Serbia tend to migrate to?
People from southeastern Europe like Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and Serbia tend to go to Italy and Spain
What do people in the northeast and midwest think in regards to industry in the South?
People in the northeast and midwest think that southern states have stolen industries from them
What can people living in 100 year floodplains expect?
People living in the 100 year flood plain can expect flooding on average once every century
Why do people move from rural to urban areas?
People move from rural to urban areas mainly for economic advancement. Rural areas have declining opportunities in agriculture and people are pulled to the cities by prospects of work in factories or service industries.
Why do people participate in counterurbanization?
People participate in counterurbanization because they are tired of the fast pace urban life to the farm life of rural areas.
What are environmental push and pull factors?
People sometimes migrate for environmental reasons, as they are pulled towards physically attractive areas and away from hazardous ones.
Why do people tend to move from developing countries to developed countries?
People tend to move from developing countries to developed countries because job prospects are higher and there are more opportunities that are available
Where can migrants have temporary work?
People that can not migrate premanently to a new country for employment may be able to migrate temporarily. Temporary work is typically found in Europe and Asia
Why do people want to move from rural to urban areas?
People want to move from rural to urban areas due to the fact that most jobs, especially in services, are clustered in urban areas.
Why did people want to migrate to the United States?
People wanted to move to the United States because in their home countries, there was limited prospects for economic advancement. People were lured by economic opportunity and social advancement in the United States
What allowed people to settle in the Great plains from 1900 to 1940?
People were able to settle in the Great Plains from 1900 to 1940 because advances in agricultural technology allowed cultivation Barbed wire reduced dependence on wood fencing. Steel plow cut thick sod. Windmills and well drilling pumped more water.
Why were people unwilling to move to the far North?
People were reluctant to move to the far north due to the region's harsh climate and remoteness of population clusters.
How did inexpensive land urge people to move across the Appalachian mountains?
People were urged by the opportunity to obtain a large amount of land at a low price. So, people moved into forested river valleys between the Appalachian and the Mississippi River. People cut down the trees and used the wood to build homes, barns, and fences
Why didn't people settle on the Great Plains on their way to California?
Pioneers heading for California went over the great Plains because of the physical environment. The physical environment of the Great Plains was dry, there was a lack of trees, tough grassland. The Great Plains were not suited for farming.
What do European political parties blame immigrants for?
Political parties in Europe blame immigrants for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs.
Where are attractive climates in the United States and Europe?
Proximity to the Rocky Mountains lures Americans to Colorado. In Eastern Europe, migrants are attracted to the Alps
What did the Chinese government do to lessen the amount of migrants from rural to urban areas?
Since people were emigrating from rural areas to central China to move urban areas on the outside, the government once severely limited the ability for for people to make interregional moves. In recent years, restrictions have lessened
What is the net intraregional migration in developed countries.
Since the late 1900s , more people have migrated into rural areas rather than out of them
What is the result of having more applicants than there are spots that the quotas allow?
Since there are more people applying to get into the US than the quotas will allow, Congress has set preferences.
How was slavery a push factor?
Slavery was once a significant political push factor because many people were shipped to other countries as slaves or prisoners, particularly from sub Saharan Africa to North America and Latin America. This was during the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Why were Soviet officials eager to populate the far north?
Soviet officials were eager to populate the far north, which included much of Siberia, because it is rich in resources including fossil fuels, minerals, and forests. The far north encompassed 45% of Russian land, but only 2% of its people.
What opportunities do suburbs have?
Suburbs offer the opportunity to live in a detached house rather than an apartment, have a yard, and better schools.
Why is Texas called Sanctuary city?
Texas is called Sanctuary city because it hasn't enacted harsh anti-immigration laws
How many people are foreign born in North America?
The % of foreign born in America is twice that of Europe
What is the Schengen Treaty of 1985?
The 1985 Schengen treaty was an agreement among European countries, giving a citizens of European countries the right to hold a job, live permanently, and own property elsewhere
Why do Chinese tend to move out of rural areas in the interior of the country to more urban areas on the east coast?
The Chinese from inner rural areas tend to move to large urban areas along the east coast where jobs are the most plentiful, such as in factories.
What canal was significant for settlers from moving across the Appalachian mountains from 1800 to 1840?
The Erie Canal allowed people to travel inexpensively across the Appalachian mountains from 1800 to 1840. The Erie Canal allowed people to move from New York City and the Great Lakes
What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the US Army to remove five Indian tribes from their land in the southeastern United States and move them to Indian Territory.
What was the result of the Reform and Control Act of 1986?
The Reform and Control Act, which issued visas to several thousand people who had entered the United States who had entered the United States in previous years without legal documents
What is the US boundary and Water Commission responsible for?
The US international Boundary and Water Commission is responsible for keeping official maps of many 19th century treaties. The commission is responsible for making the border
Why were the US and Canada destinations for economic migrants during the 20th century?
The United States and Canada were popular destinations for economic migrants because many European immigrants to North America expected to find streets paved with gold. North America and Canada, however, was not as gilded as they expected
Why did the center of population decrease in its westward direction?
The Westward movement of the population center slowed down because of emigration from Europe to the US was offset by emigration from the US west to east
Why did the movement west slow from 1900 to 1940?
The Westward movement slowed in 1900 to 1940 because immigrants began to fill in the Great Plains that earlier generations had passed on their way to California
How are forced and voluntary blurry?
The distinction between forced and voluntary migration is not clear cut because those who are migrating for economic reasons may feel pressure inside themselves to migrate, such as to search for food or jobs, but have not been explicitly compelled to migrate by violence
How long do unauthorized immigrants stay in the US?
The duration of residency in the US has increased for unauthorized immigrants. In 2000, 16% of unauthorized immigrants stayed more than 15 years. In 2010, 35% of unauthorized immigrants stayed more than 15 years.
How has emigration from Europe changed the world culture?
The emigration of 65 million Europeans has greatly altered the world's culture as they bring their Indo-European languages, which are spoken by 50% of the world's population. Christianity, practiced by a lot of the world, is also Europe's primary religion.
When did unrestricted immigration to the US end?
The era of unrestricted immigration to the US was discontinued when Congress established the Quota Act of 1921 and National Origins Act of 1924
How did the expansion of railroads encourage settlement of the Great Plains from 1900 to 1940?
The extension railroad network permitted settlers to transport their products to the large concentrations of customers in East Coast cities.
Why are there so many more internal migrants than international migration?
The farther away a place is located, the less likely that people will migrate to it. Therefore, internal migrants are much more numerous than that of international migrants.
Who extended the railroad networks?
The federal government gave large land grants to the railroad companies, which financed construction of their lines by selling portions to farmers.
Where did people from the first guest worker program come from?
The first guest worker program included emigration from Southern European countries to Northern Europe. because Northern European countries were wealthier and more economically developed. Turkey and North Africa are now replaced as the leading source.
What are Ravenstein's laws for why people migration?
The first law for why people migrate is because most people migrate for economic reasons. The second law for why people migrate is political and environmental factors.
What did the removal of the five Indian tribes open up?
The five removals of Native Americans opened up 25 million acres of land for whites to settle
What is a floodplain of a river?
The floodplain of a river is the area subject to flooding during a specific number of years, based on historical trends.
Why has the amount of female unauthorized immigrants increased over time?
The increase in female migration to the US reflects the changing role of women in Mexican society. In the past, rural Mexican women were obliged to marry at a young age and to remain in the village to care for children. US Mexican women want to join family or looking for jobs.
Where were the majority of refugees in 2010 from?
The largest number of refugees in 2010 was forced to migrate from Afghanistan and Iraq because of the wars there.
Has the migration restrictions made it easier or harder for migrants?
The loosened migration restrictions within Europe has made it easier for Europeans, but more difficult for non Europeans.
Why was there a net in migration in Ireland during the 1990s?
The migration pattern in the 1990s shifted as prosperity made IReland a destination for immigrants, especially from Eastern Europe.
What is net migration?
The net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants. So, net migration is the difference between people coming in and people going out
What was the environment of designated Indian territory?
The new areas for Native Americans was too dry to sustain their traditional ways of obtaining food.
Why do the number of immigrants to the US vary from year to year?
The number of immigrants can vary greatly from year to year mainly because you can not predict how many refugees there will be or how many spouses, parents, and children, of US citizens. Refugees and these family members are not limited in admission.
Where are most Russians concentrated?
The population of Russia, which is the world's largest country is highly clustered in Western, or European portion of Russia. Most of the country, especially east of the Ural Mountains, is sparsely inhabited.
What is the most prominent type of intraregional migration in America?
The principal intraregional migration in America is from cities to suburbs.
What was the principal pull to California?
The principal pull to California was the gold rush.
Who don't quotas apply to?
The quota laws do not apply to refugees because if they are considered to be genuine refugees, they will be granted emission. Along with refugees, quotas do not apply to spouses, parents, and children of US citizens are not limited in their admission.
What did the quota laws of 1924, saying that 2% of each country native born living in the US could immigrate ensure?
The quota laws of 1924 ensured that most immigrants to the US were from Europe. This is because many Europeans were native born persons living in the United States
What is the quota preference of diversity?
The quota preference for diversity are the few immigrants that are admitted that will create a more diverse nation
Why do people in the northeast and midwest believe that southern states have stolen industries from them?
The rapid growth of population and employment in the south has aggravated interregional antagonism because some companies have relocated to the South
What was the result of the removal of European migration restrictions in 1985?
The removal of migration restrictions for Europeans has set off large scale migration flows within the region The principal flows of migration in Europe are from poor countries of Europe to richer ones.
What resulted from the global recession in the early 2000s?
The severe global recession of the early 2000s has reduced the number of immigrants to the US and Europe. Potential migrants have much less incentive when there is high unemployment and limited job opportunities.
Why is the term guest worker no longer used in Europe?
The term guest worker is no longer used in Europe and the programs no longer exist. This is due to the fact that guest workers, along with their children and grandchildren, have become citizens of the host countries
What are the three largest flows of migrations?
The three largest flows of migrations are from Asia to Europe, Asia to North America, and from Latin America to North America
What are the three types of push and pull factors?
The three major types of push and pull factors are economic, political, and environmental.
What are the three preferences for immigrants coming into the US?
The three preferences for immigrants coming into the US are family reunification, skilled workers, and diversity
What is the traditional intervening principal?
The traditional intervening obstacle faced by migrants to other countries was environmental. This is because of long, arduous, and expensive journeys over land or sea.
What are the two main types of internal migration?
The two main types of internal migration are intraregional and interregional migration
Why are most visas granted?
The two reasons for why visas are granted are for specific employment placement and family reunification
What are the two types of international migration?
The two types of international migration are voluntary and forced migration
What are the two types of migration?
The two types of migration are international and internal.
When did the number of unauthorized immigrants increase?
The unauthorized increased rapidly during the beginning of the 2000s.
How is Southwest Asia a major destination for migrant workers?
The wealthy, oil producing countries of Southwest Asia are an attraction to poorer countries, mainly from South and South east Asia.
How much money do people in Western and northern Europe make?
The working immigrants in northern and western Europe are low paid by European standards, immigrants earn more than they make at home.
What is voluntary migration?
Voluntary migration is a form of international migration that implies that the migrant has chosen to move, especially for economic improvement.
What is the most common environmental factors?
Water, either too much or too little poses the most common environmental threat.
With European control, what were economies in Asia and Africa based on?
With European control of Asia and Africa, these places became centered on crops and extracting resources for export to Europe rather than on growing crops for local consumption and using resources to build local industry
Why does the fact that much of Europe is in stage 4 make them condemn migration?
With a lower or decreasing population, like in many countries of Europe, the country's economies can finally handle the lower populations. So, they do not like immigrants messing with their low population. European population growth is fueled by immigration
What are working conditions like for immigrants like in Southwest Asia?
Working conditions for immigrants in Southwest Asia have been considered poor in some countries
What is the most popular type of interregional migration world wide?
World wide, the most common prominent type of interregional migration is from rural to urban areas
How many of the 11.2 million unauthorized immigrants in the US are children?
1 million of the 11.2 unauthorized immigrants are children, for most immigrants are adult males
What is chain migration?
Chain migration is the migration to specific locations due to relatives or members of the same nationality had previously migrated there.
How many immigrants were let in through Ellis Island?
12 million immigrants to the US between 1892 and 1954.
What have the pastoral nomads of the Sahel region been forced to do in result of drought?
As a result of the drought in the Sahel region of northern Africa, many of the pastoral nomads have been forced to move into cities and rural camps where the government and international relief organizations provide food.
Why did the booming European population urge emigration?
As the European population increased, many Euopeans found limited opportunities for economic advancement. To look for opportunities in economic advancement, Europeans moved to the US, Canada, and Australia
How have Asians beguiled the preference system of the US?
Asians have made good use of the priorities established by US quota laws. Many well educated Asians enter US preference of skilled workers. Then, families of that skilled worker migrate there as well.
What is the center of population?
At the time of each census, the population center is the average location of everyone in the country. If the US were a flat plane, the population center would be the point where it could balance on a pin.
What are attractive places for migrants?
Attractive environments for migrants include mountains, seasides, and warm climates
How did people get to California before 1850?
Before 1850, people moved west by expanding agriculture into the next available westward land. However, starting in 1850, pioneers kept moving all the way to California.
What were migrants from 1820 to 1920?
Between 1820 and 1920, approximately 32 million people immigrated to the United States. Most migrants were from Europe.
Why is it beneficial for poorer countries to have their people work in MDCs?
By allowing their people to work elsewhere, poorer countries reduce their own unemployment problems. Immigrants help their native countries by sending a large amount of their earnings back home to their families, stimulating the local economy
What was interregional migration in Canada?
Canada has had significant interregional migration as people move from east to west. The Westernmost provinces including Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan are the most popular destination for people moving west
What were migrations during the 17th and 18th centuries?
During the 17th and 18th centuries, immigrants to the United States were mainly from Europe and Sub Saharan Africa. The Europeans mainly went to the 13 colonies. The Africans were forced to move by the British to the 13 colonies.
Where were immigrants from during the 1840s and 1850s?
During the 1840s and 1850s, immigrants to the United States were mainly from Ireland and Germany because of economic push factors and political unrest in Germany
Where were immigrants from during the 1870s?
During the 1870s, immigration from Ireland and Germany was resumed
Where were immigrants from during the 1880s?
During the 1880s, immigrants from Scandinavia, mainly Sweeden and Norway, joined the Irish and Germans. The Scandinavians migrated mainly due to a population increase at home
Where are most non Europeans in Europe from during the 1900s?
During the 1900s, large numbers of Turks and North Africans migrated to Europe. Germany's Turkish population remains the largest group of non Europeans in Europe
What was the very largest migration flow in Europe during the 1900s?
During the 1900s, the largest migration flows within Europe take place from South to north Europe. People go from the south like Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain to northern countries like France and Germany.
How many of the immigrants during the 21st century were male?
During the 21st century, 45% of the US immigrants were male
How many of the immigrants during the 19th 20th were male?
During the 9th and 20th century, 55% of US immigrants were male
Where were immigrants from during the late 1900s and early 2000s?
During the late 1900s and early 2000s, immigrants came mainly from Asia and Latin America.
What countries did the global recession result in a net out migration?
During the late 1900s, countries such as Ireland, Portugal, and Spain were immigrant destinations, but now have net out migration, or more people are leaving. This net out migration is due to the global recession that limited job opportunities everywhere.
How many people migrate from rural to urban areas each year?
Each year, about 20 million people move from rural to urban areas.
Where did the people who moved to the far north move back to?
Each year, as many as half of the people in the far north migrated back to other regions of the country and had to be replaced by other immigrants.
What did European pioneers in America do before the late 1800s?
Early European immigrants before the late 1800s made the forests and prairies into productive farms that helped to extend US control across the continent. By the early 1900s, most Americans saw the frontier as closed and though entry to the US should be closed
How are migrants seeking economic opportunities and refugees treated differently?
Economic migrants are generally not admitted into a country unless they possess special skills or have a close relative already there, and they also have to compete with other applicants. Unlike economic migrants, refugees receive special priority to admission
What was the intervening obstacle for emigrants from Europe in the 18th and 19th century to the United States?
Emigrants from Europe in the 18th and 19th century to the US had to sail across cramped and unsanitary conditions sailed across the Atlantic and Pacific.
What is emigration and immigration?
Emigration is migration from a location. Immigration is the migration to a location.
What has decreased environmental intervening obstacles?
Environmental intervening obstacles have declined with transportation improvements that have prompted globalization, such as motor vehicles and airplanes
What is Ravenstein's second law for migration?
Ravenstein states that long distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.
What is Ravenstein's first law for migration?
Ravenstein states that most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country
Why are males more likely to migrate than females?
Ravenstein theorized that males were more likely than females to migrate long distances to other countries because of work. Males are more likely than females to be employed.
What is the education of most migrants?
Recent immigrants to the US have attended school for fewer years and are less likely to have high school diplomas than US citizens
Why are refugees forced to migrate to another country?
Refugees have been forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, generalized violence, violations of human rights, disasters, and fear of persecution.
When did people start to cross the Appalachian mountains?
Settlers from the Atlantic Coast started to move across the Appalachian mountains from 1800 to 1840.
What has encouraged people to move to Brasilia?
Thousands of people have migrated to Brasilia in search of jobs. In a country with rapid population growth many people moved to where they thought they could find work
How do push and pull factors interact?
To migrate, people view their current place of residence so negatively that they feel pushed away and are pulled towards a new place.
How many of unauthorized immigrants are apart of the US labor force?
Today, about 8 million unauthorized immigrants are employed in the US. The 8 million unauthorized immigrants account for 5% of the total US civilian labor force.
Where do most guest workers come from today?
Today, most immigrants in search of work in Europe come from Eastern Europe, such as Poland and Romania
Why are political intervening obstacles most common?
Today, most migrants face political intervening obstacles because migrants need a passport to legally emigrate from a country and a visa to immigrate into a country.
Why do people from Latin America and Asia move to North America?
Today, people from Latin America and Asia are ruled by economic plenty throughout the country
Why do people participate in interregional migration, or migration between regions of a country today?
Today, people participate in interregional migration as they move from rural to urban areas.
How did transportation cause people to move across the Appalachian mountains from 1800 to 1840?
Transportation improvements like canals helped to open settlers to the option of crossing the Appalachian mountains from 1800 to 1840. In 1840, the US had 3,326 canals
What is the term unauthorized immigrants?
Unauthorized immigrants is a neutral term preferred by academic observers, describing illegal immigrants
What is the term undocumented immigrants?
Undocumented immigrants is a term preferred by groups that advocate for more rights for these individuals
