Minerals (Ch. 3)

anhedral crystals

grow in tight space, no crystal faces (bad faces)

The internal ordering of mineral crystals can be detected using ________. Question options: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) X-ray diffraction (XRD) a scanning electron microscope (SEM) cathodized axial tomography (CAT)

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

Minerals are all naturally occurring solid substance with a definable chemical composition. They MUST also possess ________. Question options: an ability to be synthesized in the laboratory as well as be found in nature metallic elements, such as iron, calcium, or magnesium a nonmetallic, vitreous luster a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions)

a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions)

what is a crystal?

a single, continuous piece of crystalline solid typically bounded by flat surfaces *always have 120 degree angle

precipitating directly from a gas

a way a mineral forms

solidification from a melt

a way a mineral forms

precipitation from a solution

a way minerals can form seeds form when a solution becomes saturated

polymorph

same composition; different structure (diamond and graphite, both are made entirely of carbon)

solid-state diffusion

solid are moving through solid

minerals formation 5 ways

solidification from a melt precipitation from a solution solid-state diffusion biomineralization precipitating directly from a gas

The color of the mineral in powered form is termed __________. Question options: color specific gravity luster streak

streak

physical properties

streak luster hardness specific gravity cleavage/fracture

Which of the following common mineral is softest? Question options: quartz calcite talc fluorite

talc

crystal lattice

the pattern of atoms in a mineral are arranged in

Geology

the study of our planent (process & change

Which of the following is NOT a mineral? Question options: Quartz Diamond Petroleum Gold

Petroleum

_________ is a mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm3) Question options: Mass Specific gravity Luster Streak

Specific gravity

With regard to minerals, hardness refers to the ability to resist ___________ Question options: breaking being scratched chemical reactions with other substances bending

being scratched

mineral identification (7 things)

color crystal shape hardness magnetization specific gravity reaction to acid taste

Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern termed ________ Question options: glassy fracture conchoidal fracture one-direction cleavage obtuse fracture

conchoidal fracture

euhedral crystals

grow in an open captivity, good crystal face

biomineralization

life came from minerals

mineral destruction

melting - heat breaks the bonds holding atoms together dissolving - solvents (mostly water) break atomic bond chemical reaction - reactive materials break bonds

minerals are the backbone of the economy

more than 4,000 minerals known

definition of a mineral (5 things)

naturing occuring inorganic solids fixed crystaline structure known chemical composition

When two different minerals have the same chemical formula but different crystal structures, they are said to be ___________. Question options: polymorphs polyliths monoliths This is not possible. Two minerals can not have the same chemical formula.

polymorphs

When a solution becomes oversaturated, new solid particles are said to ________. Question options: precipitate from the solution dissolve into the solution react with the solution and produce heat rapidly expand, causing an explosion

precipitate from the solution