Minerals (Ch. 3)
anhedral crystals
grow in tight space, no crystal faces (bad faces)
The internal ordering of mineral crystals can be detected using ________. Question options: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) X-ray diffraction (XRD) a scanning electron microscope (SEM) cathodized axial tomography (CAT)
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Minerals are all naturally occurring solid substance with a definable chemical composition. They MUST also possess ________. Question options: an ability to be synthesized in the laboratory as well as be found in nature metallic elements, such as iron, calcium, or magnesium a nonmetallic, vitreous luster a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions)
a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions)
what is a crystal?
a single, continuous piece of crystalline solid typically bounded by flat surfaces *always have 120 degree angle
precipitating directly from a gas
a way a mineral forms
solidification from a melt
a way a mineral forms
precipitation from a solution
a way minerals can form seeds form when a solution becomes saturated
polymorph
same composition; different structure (diamond and graphite, both are made entirely of carbon)
solid-state diffusion
solid are moving through solid
minerals formation 5 ways
solidification from a melt precipitation from a solution solid-state diffusion biomineralization precipitating directly from a gas
The color of the mineral in powered form is termed __________. Question options: color specific gravity luster streak
streak
physical properties
streak luster hardness specific gravity cleavage/fracture
Which of the following common mineral is softest? Question options: quartz calcite talc fluorite
talc
crystal lattice
the pattern of atoms in a mineral are arranged in
Geology
the study of our planent (process & change
Which of the following is NOT a mineral? Question options: Quartz Diamond Petroleum Gold
Petroleum
_________ is a mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm3) Question options: Mass Specific gravity Luster Streak
Specific gravity
With regard to minerals, hardness refers to the ability to resist ___________ Question options: breaking being scratched chemical reactions with other substances bending
being scratched
mineral identification (7 things)
color crystal shape hardness magnetization specific gravity reaction to acid taste
Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern termed ________ Question options: glassy fracture conchoidal fracture one-direction cleavage obtuse fracture
conchoidal fracture
euhedral crystals
grow in an open captivity, good crystal face
biomineralization
life came from minerals
mineral destruction
melting - heat breaks the bonds holding atoms together dissolving - solvents (mostly water) break atomic bond chemical reaction - reactive materials break bonds
minerals are the backbone of the economy
more than 4,000 minerals known
definition of a mineral (5 things)
naturing occuring inorganic solids fixed crystaline structure known chemical composition
When two different minerals have the same chemical formula but different crystal structures, they are said to be ___________. Question options: polymorphs polyliths monoliths This is not possible. Two minerals can not have the same chemical formula.
polymorphs
When a solution becomes oversaturated, new solid particles are said to ________. Question options: precipitate from the solution dissolve into the solution react with the solution and produce heat rapidly expand, causing an explosion
precipitate from the solution
